① 關於金融的英語文章
經濟學人：加拿大的住宅市場
Finance and Economics; 財經；
Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市場；
Time for a bigger needle; 該出手時就出手；
The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新舉措；
經濟學人：
Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling 「macroprudential」 levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.
加拿大的金融監管一向廣受贊譽。它的銀行業在這場危機中做到了獨善其身。根據評級機構穆迪的報告，加拿大皇家銀行與匯豐銀行以及摩根大通同列，躋身全球銀行界的第一梯隊。同時，加拿大的政策制定者也是運用宏觀審慎政策的老手，這一政策如今也常被其他富國的央行使用。
But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run 「fair value」 in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as 「the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada」.
但是，仍有問題纏身。部分人士認為，加拿大的銀行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨額補償金美化了，CMHC是一家為貸款估值比率超過80%的抵押貸款提供保險的公共機構。在2011年，CHMC的抵押貸款額從四年前的3450億增長到了5670億加元（合5570億美元）。並且，從一些指標來看，加拿大的房地產充斥著泡沫：《經濟學人》以房價租金比所做的分析顯示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物業價格高出它們的長期公允價值75%。縱然僅有低於0.5%的CHMC抵押貸款存在拖欠的情況，但這樣的繁榮仍讓人憂慮。最近，央行也冠以樓市 「危及加拿大金融穩定性的最大國內隱患」。
Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.
政策制定者們給樓市降溫的不斷嘗試並無明顯成效。於是，在6月21日，加拿大財長吉姆·費拉逖，在四年來第四次出台了一些新舉措。新措施中的一些不過是表面功夫。價值過百萬美元住宅的買主能得到由CMHC擔保的債務違約保險以及首付僅付5%的優惠待遇。而事實上，很少有這類購房者在購房時不以大量自有資金支付價款的。不過，在6月9日之後，這類住宅將不再適用於CMHC的保險范圍。
Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.
其他那些則更為有力。抵押貸款最長還貸期限如今將從30年降低至25年。這勢必將減少需求：去年約有40%的新貸款的期限是超過25年的。允許的房屋再融資的上限從房屋價值的85%降至只有80%。購房者還須證明他們的住房支出不超過家庭總收入的39%。費拉逖的舉措中，緊隨其後的是，加拿大的銀行監管部門，聯邦金融機構監督辦公室，將貸款和自有資金間的貸款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。
Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.
多倫多道明銀行金融集團首席經濟學家，克雷格·亞歷山大估計，所有這些措施對於購房者而言將等同於抵押貸款利率上升1%。他認為這將促使房產市場緩慢回歸。如果他的觀點正確，並且費拉逖的各種干預手段能夠避免可能引發實際利率上升的附帶傷害，那麼如此一來，加拿大的崇拜者們又將有一個可以津津樂道的話題了。
② 金融類英語文章
您好
Planning a share portfolio
Tere is no shortage of tipsters around offering"get-rich-quick'opportunities.But if you are a serious private investor,leave the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter.The serious investor needs a proper'portfolio'-a well-planned selection of investments,with a definite structure and a clear aim.But exactly how does a newcomer to the stock market go about achieving that?
5 Well,if you go to five reputable stock brokers and ask them what you should do with your money,you're likely to get five different answers-even if you give all the relevant infoumation about your age,family,finances and what you want from your investments.Moral?There is no one "right『way to structure a portfolio.However,thereare undoubtedly some wrong ways,and you can be sure that none of our five advisers would have suggested sinking all(or perhaps any)of your money into Periwigs*.
10 so what should you do?We'll assume that you have sorted out the basics-like mortgages,pensions,insurance and access to sufficient cash reserves.You should then establish your own indivial aims.These are partly a matter of personal circumstances,partly a matter of psychology.
For instance,if you are older you have less time to recover from any major losses,and you may well wish to boost your pension income.So preserving your capital and generating extra income are your main 15priorities.In this ease,you'd probably construct a portfolio with some shares (but not high risk ones),along with gilts,cash deposits,and perhaps convertibles or the income shares of split capital investment trusts.
If you are younger,and in a solid financial position,you may decide to take an a ggressive approach-but only if you're blessed with a sanguine disposition and won't suffer sleepless nights over share prices.If you recognize yourself in this description,you might include a couple ofheady growth stocks in your 20 portfolio,alongside your more pedestrian investments.Once you have decided on your investment aims,you can'then decide where to put your money.The golden rule here is spread your risk-if you put all of *『Periwigs』is the mame of a fictitious company.
③ 求一篇金融相關英文文章，翻譯出來要求3000字以上，最好連翻譯也有
奧巴馬麥凱恩激辯金融危機
據《今日美國》報道，在周二的總統辯論中，約翰－麥凱恩和巴拉克－奧巴馬互相攻擊，並提出了各自的應對美國金融危機的方案。
John McCain andBarack Obama exchanged blame and offered proposals to address the nation'sfinancial crisis ring Tuesday's presidential debate, USA Today reported.
麥凱恩承諾對那些苦苦掙扎的房主們施以援手，而奧巴馬則表示政府必須確保國家大規模救市方案按計劃實施。
McCain promisedaid to struggling homeowners and Obama said the government must assure themassive federal financial rescue package works as planned.
二人辯論的主題很快便集中在經濟問題上，當晚辯論主要圍繞著這一話題進行。
The debate focusedimmediately on the economy and stayed on it for much of the night.
麥凱恩提議財政部有條件地買進按揭壞債，並根據目前的房價和房主們進行再次協商。
McCain called forthe Treasury Department to buy up troubled mortgages — with some conditions —and renegotiate them with homeowners at the current value of homes.
麥凱恩說：「我們都清楚，只有我們穩定了美國的家庭價值觀，我們才能去創造就業機會、恢復我們的經濟。
McCain said,"We all know, my friends, until we stabilize home values inAmerica,we're never going to start turning around and creating jobs and fixing oureconomy,
此外，我們還得重建對美國的信任和信心。」
and we've got toget some trust and confidence back toAmerica."
奧巴馬稱最近的經濟低迷為「大蕭條後最嚴重的金融危機」，他表示政府必須確保簽署的金融救市方案按計劃實施。
Obama called thecurrent downturn "the worst financial crisis since the GreatDepression" and said the government must assure that the financial rescuepackage signed into law worked as planned.
他說：「我相信這將是對過去8年來布希政府高調推行的失敗的經濟政策的最終審判，而參議員麥凱恩就是這一政策的支持者。」
"I believethis is a final verdict on the failed economic policies of the last eightyears, strongly promoted by President Bush and supported by SenatorMcCain," he said.
辯論開始前幾小時，道瓊斯工業平均指數又暴跌508點。辯論在一片金融陰霾中展開。
The debate beganhours after the Dow Jones instrial average tumbled another 508 points, andthe resulting financial anxiety is looming large over the debate.
麥凱恩指責奧巴馬是參議院中收取房利美和聯邦住宅貸款抵押公司捐款的第二大個人，而這兩大公司正是目前名譽掃地的抵押貸款行業巨頭。
McCain accusedObama of being the Senate's second-highest recipient of donations fromindivials at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two now-disgraced mortgageinstry giants.
奧巴馬回擊稱，麥凱恩競選團隊經理戴維斯在華盛頓一家政治公關公司持股，直到最近，該公司每月都從聯邦住宅貸款抵押公司收到成千上萬的資金。
Obama shot backthat McCain's campaign manager, Rick Davis, has a stake in a Washington lobbying firm that receivedthousands of dollars a month from Freddie Mac until recently.
路透社報道，兩位候選人均誓言致力於使美國能源獨立。
Both candidatesvowed to focus on making theUnited Statesenergy independent, Reuters reported.
麥凱恩表示，核電是一項無污染能源，也將是解決氣候變化的關鍵。他還對奧巴馬進行了嘲諷。
McCain saidnuclear power was a clean source of energy that would be key to battlingclimate change and mocked Obama.
奧巴馬支持發展核電，並將其作為一個大能源計劃的組成部分。
And Obama said heapproved of nuclear power as one element of a broader energy plan.
美聯社報道，辯論話題還涉及外交政策方面，其激烈程度不亞於經濟和國內事務。
The debate alsoveered into foreign policy, and the disputes were as intense as on the economyand domestic matters, AP reported.
麥凱恩稱他的對手「在伊拉克和進軍問題上的觀點是錯誤的。」
McCain said hisrival "was wrong aboutIraqand the surge.
「在俄羅斯侵略喬治亞問題上，他（奧巴馬）對俄羅斯的看法是錯誤的。」
「He was wrong about Russia when theycommitted aggression against Georgia.」
「他的職業生涯很短，他還不了解我們國家在安全問題上所面臨的挑戰。」
「And in his short career he does notunderstand our national security challenges.」
「而我們沒有時間來進行在職培訓。」
「We don't have time for on the jobtraining.」
奧巴馬略帶嘲諷地回擊說，他確實不太了解一些事情，例如：多年來美國已經在伊拉克耗費了數千億美元後，今後，美國要如何面對阿富汗問題的挑戰。
Obama counteredwith a trace of sarcasm that he didn't understand some things — like how UScould face the challenge inAfghanistanafter spending years and hundreds of billions of dollars inIraq.
據路透社報道，辯論後哥倫比亞廣播公司和美國有線新聞電視網的一項快速調查都顯示奧巴馬在辯論中勝出。
Two quick pollstaken immediately after the debate, by CBS News and CNN, both judged Obama thewinner, Reuters reported.
路透評論道，麥凱恩可能不會再有扭轉競選局面的機會。
McCain could berunning out of chances to recast the race, Reuters commented.
離大選只有4周的時間，兩位候選人將在10月15日進行最終辯論。
With only fourweeks to go until the election, the two candidates will meet for one finaldebate on October 15.
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金融危機激增MBA申請人數
眼下的華爾街可謂哀鴻遍野，而美國各地的商學院卻因此振奮不已：全日制MBA課程的申請人數在2008年激增。
Business is bad onWall Street, and business schools across the country are bracing for theimpact: A surge in applications this year to their full-time M.B.A. programs.
金融市場一片混亂，美國經濟放緩，華爾街正在經受深刻的結構性變化。很多人決定，現在是回學校充電的好時候。
With financialmarkets in turmoil, the economy slowing down and Wall Street undergoing aprofound structural change, many people are deciding that now is a good time tohead back to school.
考慮邁入校門的人有些是此次金融業大裁員的犧牲品，另一些則覺得他們的飯碗即將不保。
Some would-bestudents are the victim of layoffs roiling the financial instry. Others thinktheir jobs could disappear soon.
即使目前工作還算穩定的MBA申請者也認為，利用這段時間攻讀研究生文憑是個不錯的選擇－－因為未來幾年的升遷和跳槽機會都會比較稀缺。
Even someapplicants whose jobs are currently stable are deciding that it makes sense togo for a graate degree now: since promotions and new opportunities could behard to find in the next few year
商學院還沒有關於申請人數的統計數字，因為大多數頂尖學校的第一輪招生截止日期是在10月中旬。不過，許多商學院表示，今年咨詢MBA課程的人增加了很多。
Schools don't haveapplication tallies yet -- as deadlines for the first round of admissions arein mid-October for most top-tier schools -- but many already are reporting bigincreases in interest.
紐約大學斯特恩商學院稱，今年參加其校外MBA推介會的人員增加了30%。
New YorkUniversity Stern School of Business reports a 30% increase in attendance atoff-site information sessions this year.
西北大學凱洛格管理學院的申請人數目前已增長22%。
Management has had a 22% increase inapplications so far.
芝加哥大學工商管理研究生院表示，其網上咨詢和推介會參加人數都有顯著上升。
Universityof Chicago GraateSchool of Business says it is seeing significant increases ininquiries online and attendance at information sessions.
今年，GMAT考試的注冊人數也在增加。
People are alsoregistering for the Graate Management Admission Test in greater numbers thisyear.
美國研究生入學管理委員會位於弗吉尼亞州McLean市，成員包括165家商學院。
According to theGraate Management Admission Council, a McLean, Va.-based membershiporganization of 165 graate business schools,U.S.
該機構稱，2008年1至9月GMAT考試的注冊人數達到129,902人，比去年同期上升5.1%。
GMAT registrationvolume for the first nine months of this year totaled 129,902, up 5.1% from thesame period last year.
這些數字反映出一種與以往的經濟衰退期類似的趨勢。
The numbersunderscore a trend that has occurred in previous economic downturns.
商學院和經濟學家說，研究生入學人數是反經濟周期的，也就是說，它與經濟景氣程度背道而馳。
Graateadmissions are countercyclical -- meaning that they move in the oppositedirection of the economic cycle, business schools and economists say.
由於次債風波的連鎖反應，這批MBA研究生畢業時，將面對一個完全不同的華爾街，就業市場可能很不樂觀。
When this year'sM.B.A. applicants graate, they will enter a dramatically different WallStreet and potentially smaller job market that has been altered by the rippleeffects of the credit crunch.
今年即將畢業的研究生已經感受到就業市場的低迷。
This year's newlyminted graates already encountered a tougher job market.
科爾說，在芝加哥大學，2008年畢業生中找到工作或有公司邀請加盟的人數比去年下降了約3個百分點。
At the University of Chicago, the percentage of 2008graates that either had offers or had already accepted them dropped roughlythree percentage points from the previous year, Ms. Kole says.
一些商學院表示，由於畢業後的就業前景不確定，因此目前有穩定工作的申請者可能會放棄進入商學院的機會。
Indeed, schoolssay not knowing what the job market will look like upon graation could detersome prospective applicants who have stable jobs from applying.
有些申請者則打算碰碰運氣。
Some applicantsare taking their chances.
其他研究生院也都預計申請人數會增加。
Other graateschools are also expecting increases in applicants.
學員們今年還要考慮另一個問題──次債危機使學生貸款很難申請。
Also a factor forstudents to consider this year: The credit crunch has roiled the market forstudent loans.
一直關注這一領域事態發展的FinAid.org負責人馬克-坎特羅維茲稱，2007年，有144家民間和政府教育貸款機構暫停了學生貸款。
In the past year,144 ecation lenders have suspended private and federal loans, according toMark Kantrowitz, publisher of FinAid.org, who has been following thedevelopments.
不過，坎特羅維茲說，商學院的學生應該可以找到貸款，因為很多貸款機構只是對本科生和成人教育學生暫停發放貸款。
Still, Mr.Kantrowitz says business-school students should be able to find loans. Manylenders, he says, have suspended loans for undergraate and continuingecation students but not graate loans
對這些貸款機構來說，「研究生貸款項目是最有利可圖的，因為貸款質量最高。」
For lenders,'graate student loans are the most profitable because the loan balances arethe highest,' he says.
然而，學生要想獲得私人貸款，可能需要提供更多的信用證明，而且貸款利率也會上升。
But students mayface tighter credit requirements in getting private loans and pay higherinterest rates.
④ 一般學金融的能選什麼工作英文作文
經濟學人：加拿大的住宅市場
Finance and Economics; 財經；
Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市場；
Time for a bigger needle; 該出手時就出手；
The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新舉措；
經濟學人：
Canada's
reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the
crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of
Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global
banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling
「macroprudential」 levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world
central banks.
加拿大的金融監管一向廣受贊譽.它的銀行業在這場危機中做到了獨善其身.根據評級機構穆迪的報告,加拿大皇家銀行與匯豐銀行以及摩根大通同列,躋身全球銀行界的第一梯隊.同時,加拿大的政策制定者也是運用宏觀審慎政策的老手,這一政策如今也常被其他富國的央行使用.
But
questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a
huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a
public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of
more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557
billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years
earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures:
The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian
properties were about 75% above their long-run 「fair value」 in thefirst
quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages
are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently
labelled housing as 「the most importantdomestic risk to financial
stability in Canada」.
但是,仍有問題纏身.部分人士認為,加拿大的銀行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨額補償
金美化了,CMHC是一家為貸款估值比率超過80%的抵押貸款提供保險的公共機構.在2011年,CHMC的抵押貸款額從四年前的3450億增長到了
5670億加元（合5570億美元）.並且,從一些指標來看,加拿大的房地產充斥著泡沫：《經濟學人》以房價租金比所做的分析顯示,在2012年第一季
度,加拿大的物業價格高出它們的長期公允價值75%.縱然僅有低於0.5%的CHMC抵押貸款存在拖欠的情況,但這樣的繁榮仍讓人憂慮.最近,央行也冠以
樓市 「危及加拿大金融穩定性的最大國內隱患」.
Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the
heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim
Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in
fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth
more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance
from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find
buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes.
But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be
eligible for CMHC coverage.
政策制定者們給樓市降溫的不斷嘗試並無明顯成效.於是,在6月21日,加拿大財長吉姆·
費拉逖,在四年來第四次出台了一些新舉措.新措施中的一些不過是表面功夫.價值過百萬美元住宅的買主能得到由CMHC擔保的債務違約保險以及首付僅付5%
的優惠待遇.而事實上,很少有這類購房者在購房時不以大量自有資金支付價款的.不過,在6月9日之後,這類住宅將不再適用於CMHC的保險范圍.
Other
measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a
mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand:
last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that.
Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom
85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no
more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's
measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions,
Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on
borrowing against home equity.
其他那些則更為有力.抵押貸款最長還貸期限如今將從30年降低至25年.這勢必將
減少需求：去年約有40%的新貸款的期限是超過25年的.允許的房屋再融資的上限從房屋價值的85%降至只有80%.購房者還須證明他們的住房支出不超過
家庭總收入的39%.費拉逖的舉措中,緊隨其後的是,加拿大的銀行監管部門,聯邦金融機構監督辦公室,將貸款和自有資金間的貸款估值比率的限制猛降至
65%.
Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group,
estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage
rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproce a slow unwinding
of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's
variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by
an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing
to swoon over.
多倫多道明銀行金融集團首席經濟學家,克雷格·亞歷山大估計,所有這些措施對於購房者而言將等同於抵押貸款利率上
升1%.他認為這將促使房產市場緩慢回歸.如果他的觀點正確,並且費拉逖的各種干預手段能夠避免可能引發實際利率上升的附帶傷害,那麼如此一來,加拿大的
崇拜者們又將有一個可以津津樂道的話題了.
⑤ 求金融英語及其相關文章
Financial Management
Management of funds is a critical aspect of financial management. Management of funds act as the foremost concern whether it is in a business undertaking or in an ecational institution. Financial management, which is simply meant dealing with management of money matters.
Meaning of Financial Management
By Financial Management we mean efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm. Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets, or a combination of assets and the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Herein the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives. In short, Financial Management deals with Procurement of funds and their effective utilization in the business.
So the analysis simply states two main aspects of financial management like procurement of funds and an effective use of funds to achieve business objectives.
Procurement of funds:
As funds can be procured from multiple sources so procurement of funds is considered an important problem of business concerns. Funds obtained from different sources have different characteristics in terms of potential risk, cost and control.
Funds issued by the issue of equity shares are the best from risk point of view for the company as there is no question of repayment of equity capital except when the company is liquidated.
From the cost point of view equity capital is the most expensive source of funds as dividend expectations of shareholders are normally higher than that of prevailing interest rates.
Financial management constitutes risk, cost and control. The cost of funds should be at minimum for a proper balancing of risk and control.
In the globalised competitive scenario, mobilization of funds plays a very significant role. Funds can be raised either through the domestic market or from abroad. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as well as Foreign Institutional Investors(FII) are two major sources of raising funds. The mechanism of procurement of funds has to be modified in the light of requirements of foreign investors.
Utilization of Funds:
Effective utilization of funds as an important aspect of financial management avoids the situations where funds are either kept idle or proper uses are not being made. Funds procured involve a certain cost and risk. If the funds are not used properly then running business will be too difficult. In case of dividend decisions we also consider this. So it is crucial to employ the funds properly and profitably.
Scope of Financial Management
Sound financial management is essential in all types of organizations whether it be profit or non-profit. Financial management is essential in a planned Economy as well as in a capitalist set-up as it involves efficient use of the resources.
From time to time it is observed that many firms have been liquidated not because their technology was obsolete or because their procts were not in demand or their labour was not skilled and motivated, but that there was a mismanagement of financial affairs. Even in a boom period, when a company make high profits there is also a fear of liquidation because of bad financial management.
Financial management optimizes the output from the given input of funds. In a country like India where resources are scarce and the demand for funds are many, the need of proper financial management is required. In case of newly started companies with a high growth rate it is more important to have sound financial management since finance alone guarantees their survival.
Financial management is very important in case of non-profit organizations, which do not pay adequate attentions to financial management.
How ever a sound system of financial management has to be cultivated among bureaucrats, administrators, engineers, ecationalists and public at a large.
Objectives of Financial Management
Efficient Financial management requires the existence of some objectives, which are as follows
1) Profit Maximization:
The objective of financial management is the same as the objective of a company which is to earn profit. But profit maximization alone cannot be the sole objective of a company. It is a limited objective. If profits are given une importance then problems may arise as discussed below.
The term profit is vague and it involves much more contradictions.
Profit maximization must be attempted with a realization of risks involved. A positive relationship exists between risk and profits. So both risk and profit objectives should be balanced.
Profit Maximization fails to take into account the time pattern of returns.
Profit maximization does not take into account the social considerations.
2) Wealth Maximization:
It is commonly understood that the objective of a firm is to maximize value and wealth.
The value of a firm is represented by the market price of the company's stock. The market price of a firm's stock represents the assesment of all market participants as to what the value of the particular firm is. It takes in to account present and prospective future earnings per share, the timing and risk of these earning, the dividend policy of the firm and many other factors that bear upon the market price of the stock. Market price acts as the performance index or report card of the firm's progress and potential.
Prices in the share markets are affected by many factors like general economic outlook, outlook of the particular company, technical factors and even mass psychology. Normally this value is a function of two factors:
The anticipated rate of earnings per share of the company
The capitalization rate.
The likely rate of earnings per shares depend upon the assessment of how profitable a company may be in the future.
The capitalization rate reflects the liking of the investors for the company.
Methods of Financial Management:
In the field of financing there are multiple methods to procure funds. Funds may be obtained from long term sources as well as from short term sources. Long term funds may be procured by owners that are shareholders, lenders by issuing debentures, from financial institutions, banks and the general public at large. Short term funds may be availed from commercial banks, public deposits, etc. Financial leverage or trading on equity is an important method by which a finance manager may increase the return to common shareholders.
At the time of evaluating capital expenditure projects methods like average rate of return, pay back, internal rate of returns, net present value and profitability index are used. A firm can increase its profitability without adversely affecting its liquidity by an efficient utilization of the current resources at the disposal of the firm. A firm can increase its profitability without negatively affecting its liquidity by efficient management of working capital.
Similarly, for the evaluation of a firm's performance there are different methods. Ratio analysis is a common technique to evaluate different aspects of a firm. An investor takes in to account various ratios to know whether investment in a particular company will be profitable or not. These ratios enable him to judge the profitability, solvency, liquidity and growth aspect of the firm.
⑥ 以金融機構功能寫一篇英文作文
I am a College student from a farmer's family in a mountaineous area.A year ago,I was admitted to a famous university.Before entering the university,I was told that the necessary expenses ring my four years' study would cost nearly fifty thousand yuan.My parents had collected all the money there was to collect,including the money borrowed from their relatives,but it was hardly enough to meet the needs.Then,good news came that I could resort to the bank for a loan.I thought it was a good idea and so I did it.
My decision was based on the following considerations:
First,with the loan I can pay the tuition and support my life on the campus.
Secondly,I don't have to depend on my parents who are always worrying about the enormous family expenditure.
⑦ 求一篇英語作文，介紹公司的
給的詞彙 complerely 完全的 lead to 導致 found 成立 employee 雇員
開頭 this is to intro ce that……
結尾 i am looking forward to hearing from you soon)
your sinecerely
要用到的句子1； I am looking forward to hearing from you soon
2: Yours sincerely
3 : we are writing to introce that
4 : thank you for the trouble you will have to take for
⑧ 求一篇金融方面的英語作文
不是我寫的，。是網路上搜索到的
Advantages of Getting a Loan from the Bank for My Studies
助學貸款的好處
I am a College student from a farmer's family in a mountaineous area. A year ago, I was admitted to a famous university. Before entering the university, I was told that the necessary expenses ring my four years' study would cost nearly fifty thousand yuan. My parents had collected all the money there was to collect, including the money borrowed from their relatives, but it was hardly enough to meet the needs. Then,good news came that I could resort to the bank for a loan. I thought it was a good idea and so I did it.
My decision was based on the following considerations:
First, with the loan I can pay the tuition and support my life on the campus.
Secondly, I don't have to depend on my parents who are always worrying about the enormous family expenditure.
Thirdly, I will always have the pressure upon me which forces me to study the hard way.
Fourthly, I have to live a very simple life and save every coin possible. To sooner liquidate the debt, I sometimes work as a home tutor, sometimes a door-to-door salesman, sometimes a restaurant waiter.
Finally, while doing part-time jobs, I have accumulated a lot of social experience, bitter sometimes, sweet occasionally but happy all the time.
I think the above are the advantages the loan from the bank has brought to me. They are beneficial not only to my studies at the university but also to my future career, because I firmly believe in the saying that "Harsh life proces a diligent and intelligent man."
可以不咯？
⑨ 跪求英語文章 1500字的英文 有翻譯 關於金融類的 跪求
Talking about Housing Loans
房屋貸款
Al and Virginia Baxter are talking to their banker ,Tony Flora ,about a housing loan.
艾爾和弗吉尼亞·巴克斯特正和他們的銀行家托尼·費洛拉洽談有關房屋貸款之事。
Al:We'd like to get some information about mortgage loans,Mr.Flora.
艾爾：我們希望得到一些有關抵押貸款方面的知識，弗洛拉先生。
We found a house that we'd like to buy.
我們找到了一所我們想買的房子。
Flora:Well,Mr.Baxter,we generally lend 80% of the bank's appraised value on 30-,35-or 40-year mortgages if the house is less than 10 years old .
弗洛拉：好的，巴克斯特先生。如果房屋從建成至今尚未超過10年，我們一般借給買房者的數額是銀行對房屋估價的80%，而貸款期為30、35或40年。
Baxter:Oh ,it's almost a brand-new house .I think it was built two years ago .
巴克斯特：哦， 這幾乎是一所全新的房子，我認為是兩年前修建的。
A:Yes,it's a real good deal .The price is just right .
艾爾：是的，這真是的樁合適的買賣，價錢也很合理。
F:Bank appraisals are usually slightly lower than the actual market prices,Mr.Baxter,
弗洛拉，銀行的估價總是低於實際市場價格的，巴克斯特先生。
so you'll have to figure on at least at a 25%-28% down payment .
因此，您必須計劃支付至少25%—28%的定金。
A:Yes,we planned on that .We've accumulated enough in our savings for a 30% down payment.
艾爾：是啊，這點我們已經估計到了，在我們的積蓄中攢的錢已足夠支付30%的定金。
B:What's the interest rate on mortgage loans?
巴克斯特：抵押貸款的利息率是多少？
F:It fluctuates a little depending on the various factors in the loan ,but around 8.75% for longtime clients.
弗洛拉：根據各種不同情況的貸款，利息率稍有差別，但是，對於銀行的老主顧一般是8。75%左右。
A:Well,we've been banking here since we got married 8 years ago ,Mr.Flora ,so I guess we qualify.
艾爾：那麼我們從結婚到現在8年來一直與這里的銀行往來，弗洛拉先生。因此，我想我們是合乎條件的。
F:Yes,you certainly do ,Mr.Baxter.Let's fill out this application ,so we can get started on the paperwork .
弗洛拉：是的，你們當然是符合條件的，巴克斯特先生。讓我們先來填寫這張申請表，然後就可以開始著手票據事宜，
It takes some time to complete a mortgage loan transaction.
要完成抵押貸款的交易是得花點時間。
B:We will need title insurance and fire insurance ,too,won't we ?
巴克斯特：我們還需要產權保險和火災保險，對嗎？
F:Yes,you will.Here's our mortgage loan booklet which explains all the things which will be necessary .
弗洛拉：是的，這里有一本有關我們抵押貸款的小冊子，這個小冊子說明了必須要辦的一切手續
⑩ 金融市場 英語作文100單詞
The financial market is also known as capital market, monetary market and capital market, is the financial market. The so-called financing, is refers in the economic operation of the financial buildingIn the process, both sides of supply and demand of funds use various financial tools to regulate capital surplus activity, all financial transaction activities. In the financial market is a variety of financial instruments, such as stock, bond, deposit etc.. Financing is the abbreviation of financing, generally divided into direct financing and indirect financing two. Direct financing is the fund supply and demand sides of direct financing activities, namely capital demand directly through the financial market to the society has a surplus of funds for institutional and indivial financing; correspondingly, indirect financing through banks refers to the financing activities, namely capital needs to take that to the bank and other financial intermediaries apply for loans financing. Financial market on all aspects of economic activities have direct influence, such as personal wealth, enterprise management, the efficiency of economic operations, are directly dependent on the financial markets activities. 望採納，我們也有這英語作文。。