農產品期貨外文文獻

❻ 急求關於物流的外文文獻，最好是關於農產品物流的！

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the proceres set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport instry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of rable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.

Mode
Main article: Mode of transport
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.

Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries
[edit] Human-powered
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: Animal-powered transport
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, enrance and carrying capacity; prior to the Instrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.

[edit] Air
Main article: Aviation

Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train
[edit] Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

[edit] Road
Main article: Road transport

Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a al function as urban space easement and route.[6]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport

Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was proced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to proce the steam. Recreational or ecational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil
[edit] Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.

[edit] Elements

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water
[edit] Infrastructure
Main article: Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of proction to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship
[edit] Vehicles
Main article: Vehicle
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

[edit] Operation

Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive instry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13]

[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces ring warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mum, India
[edit] Passenger
Main article: Travel
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

International travel may be restricted for some indivials e to legislation and visa requirements.

[edit] Freight
Main article: Shipping
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, proction is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring procts from procer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk ring transport.[18]

Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge rection in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the proct, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid procts with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for procts of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

[edit] History
Main article: History of transport

Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and ration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Instrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Instrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and proction and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

❼ 求幾篇關於農產品網路營銷的英文文獻，不是中國人寫的那種小英文論文，是純的外文文獻，加中文翻譯，急求

做推廣你是想推廣網站還是你公司的產品？推企業網站建議去做搜索引擎，做產品推廣建議去找旺客商貿網站，想要做互聯網大面積覆蓋式的推廣建議去做旺道營銷軟體。

❽ 求兩篇關於農產品出口的外文文獻 最好有中文

http://www.wenzhouglasses.com/html/news/500017.html

❾ 【急】求一篇外文翻譯 關於特色農業問題的外文文獻

Adjustment of agricultural structure, characteristics of the western region to speed up the development of agriculture
【Abstract】 implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of agriculture with characteristics Samangan province have provided favorable opportunities and broader space, this article from the analysis of Gansu Province, the implementation of the importance of agriculture with characteristics and the main features of the market potential of agricultural procts start to understand the characteristics of Gansu Province characteristics of agricultural proction and put forward the implementation of special agriculture in Gansu Province of the countermeasures and suggestions.

【Key words】 western characteristic agriculture

Gansu province is located in China's western region is a vast region, is included in the national development of the western region the concept of one of 12 provinces and municipalities and autonomous regions, serious soil erosion, land desertification, water shortages, destruction of vegetation, forest grassland degradation Gansu province is a major eco-environmental problems, instrial pollution in the city after-effects of economic development. Gansu Province, the fragile ecological environment will not only hinder further development of regional economy, but also the future of the living environment has become a major risk. All this has its crux of the problem: the history of long-term low levels of proctivity and ecological fragility of both cause and effect; "too much emphasis on food self-sufficiency" model of development led to forest destruction and soil erosion; economic construction does not follow the law of the ecological environment, ecological construction technology support the weak; institutional fragmentation, so that ecological protection and construction of the measures can hardly be implemented. Characteristics of agriculture refers to the unique resources, clear regional characteristics, a special proct quality and specific consumer market of agricultural instrialization. Gansu Province, a vast territory, light, heat, water, soil is rich in resources, species diversity, with the development of agriculture with characteristics and potential advantages. After years of development, characteristics of Gansu Province has been a foundation of agriculture. Implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province provided favorable opportunities and broader space. At present, we should seize the opportunity, clear thinking, focus, work out measures to speed up the characteristics of agricultural development in Gansu Province

1, the development of Gansu Province, the importance of agriculture with characteristics
1.1 The development of characteristic agriculture is implementing the western development strategy will focus on the task.

Agriculture is the basis for developing the western region and an important part. Characteristics of agriculture is the focus of agricultural development in the western region. Characteristics through the development of agriculture, strengthening infrastructure construction, improve proction conditions, enhance proctive capacity, can further strengthen agriculture as the foundation of Gansu Province to speed up agricultural and rural economic development pace for the development of Gansu's economy and narrow the gap between east and west to create the conditions.

1.2 is the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province strategic adjustment of agricultural structure of the main direction of attack.

The use of Gansu Province, rich in agricultural resources, in line with local conditions and characteristics of agricultural and instrial development, nurturing characteristics with the western instrial belt of agricultural and instrial groups, agricultural resources can achieve a multi-level, multi-channel development and utilization to meet the diversification and high quality market demand is concive to opening up new market space, Gansu Province, to promote the agricultural structure optimization and upgrading.
2. Gansu, the main features of the development potential of agricultural procts and market demand analysis

From the distribution of agricultural procts and market demand, both in terms of Gansu Province, with resources and potential for development of agricultural resources are mainly concentrated in the food, medicinal herbs, fruit and livestock procts on.

2.1, food

In 2002 the province's grain sown area of 3943 mu, 7.83 million tons grain output. Between regions in food proction that there are clear regional differences, good natural conditions in the plain areas and to take intensive intensive methods of proction inputs are also relatively large, thus the per capita grain output was significantly higher than other areas. Per capita food expenditure from the situation, the year the total income per capita grain 583.92 kilograms, 458.24 kilograms of total expenditures. Main per capita consumption of 258.45 kilograms of grain (including 212.89 kilograms of wheat, representing the main food consumed 82.37%), 42.75 kilograms of grain feed, 27.72 kilograms of seed grain. Help Gansu food consumption is still in a state of equilibrium tightness, food as the mainstay of rural food consumption status has not been any big changes.

With the graal deepening of reform and opening-up and join the WTO, the current international market prices tend to decline, while China's grain proction costs are generally upward trend. The short term a significant increase in land proctivity may be low, China's comparative advantage in grain proction continued to decline. In addition China's wheat import market of the United States and European Union countries in the Uruguay Round negotiations, reached an agreement to rece subsidies, which means that China can no longer own the market of imports from these relatively low over the past price of wheat to China to take measures to raise the level of food self-sufficiency and rece food imports. As the grain in Gansu Province larger share of agricultural procts, the impact of lower prices to become the province's agricultural prices decline in the overall level of the main factors.

2.2, economic crops

In the economic crops, the potential for greater processing Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal herbs market in the country occupies a pivotal role, medicines rough year more than 11,000 tons, 3270 tons of proprietary Chinese medicines. Five bulk. Angelica is in Gansu Province is the largest varieties of medicinal herbs, over the years has been in a tight pin, and annual proction of more than 28.4 thousand tons, the volume of 27,300 tons of goods, export volume of 1509 tons. At present, the formation of their own as the mainstay of rural Danggui market Minxian Xiguan, Meichuan, Dangchang hada Shop, of the rationale for Sichuan, Zhangxian Chengguan, Ishikawa, Weiyuan Kawasaki, etc. will be over 10. These markets with other medicines markets outside the network for the promotion of medicines in circulation has played an important role. Changium Gansu Province is the second largest varieties of medicinal herbs, annual output of more than 14,000 tons, the volume of more than 13,000 tons of goods, with its output accounting for about 70 percent of national output, of which the principal export patterns. Radix Hedysari is unique to Chinese herbal medicines in Gansu, the main export to Taiwan. Rhubarb and liquorice market demand, lack of sales proction, prices, market prospect.

Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu Province is the main pharmaceutical procts in 2002, the sown area of Gansu Province, 199 million mu of Chinese herbal medicines, the total output 305,800 tons, the annual instrial output value of Chinese medicine to 4 billion yuan, accounting for all the Chinese medicine instry to 40 percent. Medicine more prominent structural contradictions in the economy, small and scattered instrial enterprises, commercial enterprises in Gansu medicine abuse is a significant feature. Most of medicine resources on the supply of raw materials or primary procts market, value-added processing and great potential. Gansu medicine market capacity of 20 billion yuan, but in Gansu local market consumption of only 6 million yuan, the market demand.

References:

1, "on the characteristics of the western region to speed up the views of agricultural development," the Ministry of Agriculture 2002.12

2, Zhu Xing BAI "developing the western region - agriculture, rural areas and farmers," Economics and Management Press 2002.7

3, reference is LiuXinmao weeks "loess ground green hope" Lanzhou University Press 1999.1

中文大意如下
調整農業產業結構，加快西部地區特色農業的發展
【論文摘要】實施西部大開發戰略和農業結構戰略性調整，為發展甘省特色農業提供了有利的機遇和廣闊的空間，本文從分析甘肅省實施特色農業的重要性和主要特色農產品的市場潛力入手，了解甘肅省特色農業的生產特點，提出了甘肅省實施特色農業的對策與建議。

【關鍵詞】西部 特色農業

甘肅省位於中國的西部，是一片廣闊的地域，是被國家劃入西部大開發概念的12個省市自治區之一，嚴重的水土流失、土地荒漠化加劇、水資源短缺、植被破壞、森林草原退化是甘肅省面臨的主要生態環境問題，工業污染成為城市發展經濟的後遺症。甘肅省脆弱的生態環境不僅阻礙區域經濟的進一步發展，而且已經成為未來生存環境的重大隱患。這一切問題都有其症結所在：歷史上長期的生產力水平低下與生態脆弱互為因果；「過分強調糧食自給」的發展模式導致森林破壞和水土流失；經濟建設不遵循生態環境規律，生態建設科技支撐能力薄弱；制度上條塊分割，使生態環境保護和建設各項措施難以落實。特色農業是指具有獨特的資源條件、明顯的區域特徵、特殊的產品品質和特定的消費市場的農業產業。甘肅省地域遼闊，光、熱、水、土資源豐富，物種資源多樣，具有發展特色農業的優勢和潛力。經過多年的發展，甘肅省特色農業已有一定的基礎。實施西部大開發戰略和農業結構戰略性調整，為發展甘肅省特色農業提供了有利的機遇和廣闊的空間。當前，要抓住機遇，明確思路，突出重點，制定措施，加快甘肅省特色農業發展

1、發展甘肅省特色農業的重要性
1.1發展特色農業是實施西部大開發戰略的重點任務。

農業是西部大開發的基礎和重要組成部分。特色農業是西部農業開發的重點。通過發展特色農業，加強基礎設施建設，改善生產條件，提高生產能力，可以進一步加強農業基礎地位，加快甘肅省農業和農村經濟發展步伐，為發展甘肅經濟和縮小東西部差距創造條件。

1.2發展特色農業是甘肅省農業結構戰略性調整的主攻方向。

利用甘肅省豐富的農業資源，因地制宜地發展特色農產品和產業，培育具有西部特色的農業產業帶和產業群，可以實現農業資源多層次、多途徑的開發利用，滿足多樣化、優質化的市場需求，有利於開辟新的市場空間，促進甘肅省農業結構的優化和升級。
2. 甘肅主要特色農產品的開發潛力及市場需求分析

從農產品分布特點和市場需求兩方面來看，甘肅省具有資源優勢和開發潛力的農產品資源主要集中在糧食、葯材、果品和畜產品上。

2.1、糧食作物

2002年全省糧食播種面積3943萬畝，糧食總產量783萬噸。區域之間在糧食生產上存在著明顯的地區差異，平原地區自然條件好，並採取集約化的精耕細作方式，生產性投入也比較大，因而人均糧食產量明顯高於其它地區。從人均糧食收支情況看，年內人均糧食收入合計583.92公斤，支出合計458.24公斤。人均主食用糧258.45公斤(其中小麥212.89公斤，佔主食用糧的82.37%)，飼料用糧42.75公斤，種籽用糧27.72公斤。說明甘肅糧食消費仍處於緊度平衡狀態，糧食作為農村食品消費的主體地位沒有什麼大的變化。

隨著改革開放的逐步深入及加入WTO，目前國際市場上糧價趨於下降，而我國糧食生產成本總體上則呈上升趨勢。短期內土地生產率大幅度提高的可能不大，我國糧食生產的比較優勢仍在下降。此外中國小麥進口市場的美國和歐盟各國在烏拉圭回合談判中達成消減補貼的協議，這意味著中國己不可能再從這些市場上進口過去價格相對較低的小麥，促使中國採取措施提高糧食自給水平，減少糧食進口。由於糧食在甘肅省農產品中所佔比重較大，其價格下降成為影響全省農產品價格總水平下降的主要因素。

2.2、經濟作物

在經濟作物中，中葯材加工潛力較大，在全國葯材市場中佔有舉足輕重的作用，葯材年粗加工1．1萬多噸，中成葯3270噸。五種大宗地道中葯材。當歸是甘肅省葯材的第一大品種，多年來一直處於緊銷狀態，年產量達2.84萬多噸，商品量2.73萬噸，出口量1509噸。目前己形成以當歸為主體的農村市場有岷縣西關、梅川，宕昌哈達鋪、理川，漳縣城關、石川，渭源會川等十多個。這些市場同省外其它葯材市場形成了網路，對於促進葯材流通起到了重要的作用。黨參是甘肅省葯材第二大品種，年產1.4萬多噸，商品量1.3萬多噸，其產量約佔全國總產量的70%，其中紋當主要提供出口。紅芪是甘肅特有的中葯材，主要出口台灣。大黃和甘草市場需求量大，產不足銷，價格上升，市場前景看好。

中葯是甘肅省醫葯產品的主力，2002年甘肅省中葯材播種面積199萬畝，總產量30.58萬噸，年中葯工業產值達到4億元，佔到全部醫葯工業的40％。醫葯經濟結構性矛盾比較突出，工業企業小而散、商業企業多而濫是甘肅醫葯的一個顯著特徵。大部分葯材資源是以原材料或初級產品供應市場，加工增值潛力大。甘肅葯材市場容量在20億元以上，但甘肅本地產品市場的消費量只有6億多元，市場需求量大。

參考文獻：

1、《關於加快西部地區特色農業發展的意見》 農業部 2002.12

2、朱文興 白明 《西部大開發――農業、農村、農民》 經濟管理出版社 2002.7

3、劉興茂 周述實 《黃土地上的綠色希望》 蘭州大學出版社 1999.1

❿ 高分急求！！！！！！！！誰能幫我找2篇有關農產品品牌建設 或者農產品品牌的 或者區域品牌的 外文文獻

農產品品牌相關英文文獻，點擊下載

Farmer-owned brands?
DJ Hayes, SH Lence.,Agribusiness, 2004
http://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/CARD02BP39_5AFB75A83D43C.pdf

Country of Origin as a Brand: The case of New Zealand lamb
RL Clemens, BA Babcock - 2004
http://card.iastate.e/publications/DBS/PDFFiles/04mbp9.pdf