1. 求有關中小企業融資英文文獻（帶翻譯）
不知道下面的行不行，希望你能用上。
除了下面給出地，你也可以瞧瞧偶給其他人的解答http://..com/question/98953036.htmlCommercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing. A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing. 商業融資處理方案-比如銀行外 2007年7月由Stephen布希 商業融資的借款人可能會認為，傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而，由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業，非傳統（非銀行）和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的拈況。因此，提議商業融資戰略（如本文中討論）是跳出本行「 。 有幾個商業融資情況下，商業借款人常常發現，非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人： （ 1 ）商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; （ 2 ）商業按揭貸款;和（ 3 ）信用卡解決程序。在某些情況下，傳統的銀行將提供商業融資，但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下，傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資，這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資，商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下，商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。 正如我在較早的商業融資的文章，在許多非競爭企業融資情況下，它並沒有啥不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在1個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋找非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要，也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下，非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件，因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。 商業融資比如-比如銀行外 企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序 大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是特別貧窮的候選人，以考慮是不是需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金，他們可以比銀行貸款，它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ，並找到非傳統的貸款，以協助這個商業融資的需要。 商業融資兩名-比如銀行外 商業按揭貸款 兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款，可避免假如他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法，傳統的銀行，以避免最特殊用途性質（如殯儀館和教堂） 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法，大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款（這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下） 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況，通常可以非常容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。 商業融資例3 -比如銀行外 信用卡處理程序 選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務，可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商，オ能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時，它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力，在提供援助信用卡保理業務中，也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫忙，信用卡處理。 閉幕商業融資認為：我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行，以避免。應該指出的是，事實上，傳統和非傳統（非銀行）貸款，應加以避免。因此，當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ，它仍然是至關重要的，它們准備，以避免各種難題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資，尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支（信用卡應收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。
2. 急求關於中小企業融資問題的英文文獻
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
3. 求論文"中小企業融資困境及解決對策"的外文參考文獻和中文翻譯一篇
http://wenku..com/view/aa2b20eab8f67c1cfad6b8c7.html
看看這個咋樣
4. 中英文對照關於中小企業融資問題與對策的外國文獻
中小企業是與所處行業的大企業相比人員規模、資產規模與經營規模都比較小的經濟單位。
不同國家、不同經濟發展的階段、不同行業對其界定的標准不盡相同，且隨著經濟的發展而動態變化。各國一般從質和量兩個方面對中小企業進行定義，質的指標主要包括企業的組織形式、融資方式及所處行業地位等，量的指標則主要包括雇員人數、實收資本、資產總值等。量的指標較質的指標更為直觀，數據選取容易，大多數國家都以量的標准進行劃分，如美國國會2001年出台的《美國小企業法》對中小企業的界定標准為雇員人數不超過500人，英國、歐盟等在採取量的指標的同時，也以質的指標作為輔助。
世界各國和地區中小企業劃分標准：
美國：雇員人數不超過500人
英國：質的規定：市場份額較小；所有者親自管理；企業獨立經營。
量的指標：小製造業：從業人員在200人以下
小建築業、礦業：從業人員在25人以下
小零售業：年銷售收入在18.5萬英鎊以下
小批發業：年銷售收入在73萬英鎊以下
歐盟：雇員人數在250人以下且年產值不超過4000萬埃居、或者資占年度負債總額不超過2700萬埃居、且不被一個或幾個大企業持有25%以上的股權。其中：雇員少於50人、年產值不超過700萬埃居，或者資產年度負債總額不超過500萬埃居，並且有獨立法人地位的企業。
日本：製造業：從業人員300人以下或資本額3億日元以下
批發業：從業人員100人以下或資本額1億日元以下
零售業：從業人員50人以下或資本額5000萬日元以下
服務業：從業人員100人以下或資本額5000萬日元以下
我國目前對中小企業的劃分標准為2003年國家經貿委、國家計委、財政部、國家統計局研究制訂的《中小企業標准暫行規定》，國家統計部門據此制訂大中小型企業的統計分類。
我國中小企業最新劃分標准
根據第九屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議於2002年6月29日通過的《中華人民共和國中小企業促進法》的精神，原國家家經濟貿易委員會、原國家發展計劃委員會、財政部、國家統計局於2003年2月19日發布了《關於印發中小企業標准暫行規定的通知》（國經貿中小企〔2003〕143號），對主要行業的中小企業的標准作出了明確的界定。該標準是根據企業職工人數、銷售額、資產總額等指標，結合行業特點制定的。按照《通知》的規定，不同行業的中小企業應該按照以下標准認定：
工業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數2000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下，或資產總額為40000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數300 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上，資產總額4000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
建築業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數3000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下，或資產總額40000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數600 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上，資產總額4000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
批發和零售業，零售業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人500 人以下，或銷售額15000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數100 人及以上，銷售額1000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
批發業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數200 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數100 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
交通運輸和郵政業，交通運輸業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數3000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數500 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。郵政業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數1000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數400 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
不同國家、不同經濟發展的階段、不同行業對其界定的標准不盡相同，且隨著經濟的發展而動態變化。各國一般從質和量兩個方面對中小企業進行定義，質的指標主要包括企業的組織形式、融資方式及所處行業地位等，量的指標則主要包括雇員人數、實收資本、資產總值等。量的指標較質的指標更為直觀，數據選取容易，大多數國家都以量的標准進行劃分，如美國國會2001年出台的《美國小企業法》對中小企業的界定標准為雇員人數不超過500人，英國、歐盟等在採取量的指標的同時，也以質的指標作為輔助。
住宿和餐飲業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數800 人以下，或銷售額15000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數400 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
「職工人數」以現行統計制度中的年末從業人員數代替；「工業企業的銷售額」以現行統計制度中的年產品銷售收入代替；「建築業企業的銷售額會計科目」以現行統計制度中的年工程結算收入代替；「批發和零售業的銷售額」 以現行統計制度中的年銷售額代替；「交通運輸和郵政業，住宿和餐飲業企業的銷售額」以現行統計制度中的年營業收入代替；「資
產總額」 以現行統計制度中的資產合計代替。規定適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的各類所有制和各種組織形式的企
業，職工人數800 人以下。企業是與所處行業的大企業相比人員規模、資產規模與經營規模都比較小的經濟單位。
中小企業財務困境的現狀或者表現
隨著招商引資力度進一步加大和民營經濟的迅猛發展，中小企業如雨後春筍般不斷涌現，2003年海安國稅新增納稅人1842戶，比上年同期增長47 %.2004年縣政府下達民營企業發展目標，要求新發展個體私營企業 9250戶。不斷增加的中小企業一方面增加了稅源，另一方面也對基層稅收管理帶來很大的挑戰。最近，在進行納稅評估、一般納稅人復檢等工作時事，對中小企業的財務狀況進行抽樣調查，其結果不盡如意，提高中小企業財務核算水平、加強財務管理已刻不容緩。 Which are small and medium-sized instries and large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Small and medium-sized countries in the world and regional criteria for the classification:
United States: the number of employees not more than 500 people
Britain: a qualitative states: smaller market share; owners personally management; enterprises operating independently.
Volume indicators: a small manufacturing: 200 people employed in the following
Small construction, mining: 25 people employed in the following
Small retail: Sales revenue was £ 185,000 in the following
Small wholesale instry: Sales revenue was £ 730,000 in the following
EU: the number of employees in the following 250 people and an annual output value is not more than 40 million ECU, or the annual funding total liabilities are not accounted for more than 27 million ECU, and do not be one or a few large companies holding more than 25% stake. One of: less than 50 employees, annual output value of not more than 7 million ECU or an annual total liabilities assets not more than five million ECU, and have independent legal status of enterprises.
Japan: Manufacturing: 300 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 300,000,000
Wholesale instry: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 100,000,000 following
Retail: 50 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000
Services: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000 following
China's current criteria for the classification of small and medium enterprises for the 2003 National Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics to study the formulation of the "Provisional Regulations on small and medium-sized standards," which national statistical offices to develop the statistical classification of small, medium and large enterprises.
China's latest criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized
According to the Ninth National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting of 28th June 29, 2002 through the "People's Republic of China SME Promotion Law," the spirit of the former State Economic and Trade Commission at home, the former State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics in February 19, 2003 issued the "small and medium-sized standards regarding the issuance of the notice required under the temporary" (economic and trade SMEs 〔2003〕 No. 143), the main criteria for small and medium-sized instries has made a specific defined. The standard is based on the number of enterprise employees, sales, total assets, such as indicators, combined with the characteristics of developed instry. In accordance with the "Notice" provisions of the small and medium enterprises in different sectors should be identified in accordance with the following criteria:
Instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees in 2000 the following people, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan for the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 300 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
The construction instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 600 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale and retail trade, small and medium-sized retail enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 500 or fewer workers, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 1000萬元; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale trade of small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 200 or fewer employees, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Transportation and postal service, transport small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 500 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses. Post instry small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 1000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Accommodation and catering instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 800 or fewer employees, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
"Employees" to the existing statistical system of the end of a few employees in lieu of; "sales of instrial enterprises" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales revenue; "construction enterprises sales accounts" to the existing statistical system annual income in lieu of clearing works; "wholesale and retail sales" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales; "transport and postal service, accommodation and catering instry sales enterprise" to the existing statistical system of the year operating income in lieu of; "funding
The total proction "to the existing statistical system in lieu of total assets. Shall apply to the territory of the People's Republic of China established by law and various organizations of various ownership forms of enterprises
Instry, number of employees below 800 people. Enterprises which are instries with large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
The status of the financial plight of small and medium-sized or the performance of
With the investment was further enlarged and the rapid development of private economy, small and medium enterprises such as the continuing mushrooming, MSC 2003, National Tax Added taxpayers 1842, more than 47 percent year-on-year growth in the county government issued .2004 private enterprise development goals requiring new development of indivial and private enterprises 9250. Increasing number of SMEs on the one hand, an increase of tax sources, on the other hand, the grass-roots tax management a great challenge. Recently, ring the tax assessment, the general taxpayer, such as job review current events, the financial situation of small and medium enterprises to conct a sample survey, the results are not smug, improve financial accounting standards for SMEs to strengthen financial management and no time to lose.
5. 關於 中小企業融資難相關 的 外文著作或者文獻。。
SME financing in the UK and inChina: a comparative perspective
作者Javed Hussain, Cindy Millman and Harry Matlay UCE Business School, Birmingham, UK
我也是今年的畢業生 我覺得這個還可以 你要看的話 可以把他全選中 用有道詞典翻譯下 節選就可以了
6. 急求一篇中小企業融資難的外文文獻 （翻譯成漢字後3000字左右）
Bank Market Power and SME Financing
Constraints
Santiago
Carbo-Valverde
Bangor Business School
Gregory
F. Udell
Indiana University Bloomington - Department of
Finance
Francisco
Rodríguez-Fernández
University of Granada - Department of Economic
Theory and History
June 1, 2006
你看看這一篇，挺好的
7. 急求關於中小企業融資的外文參考文獻
研究中小企業融資要參考的英文文獻
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8. 有關「中小企業融資困境及對策」的英文文獻、雜志、或期刊名
你好！中國欣業問問解答團隊很高興為您解答！此答案引自網路： 建議看一下: http://..com/question/98953036.html Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen Bush Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing. A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing. 商業融資解決方案-比如銀行外 2007年7月由Stephen布希 商業融資的借款人可能會認為，傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而，由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業，非傳統（非銀行）和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的情況。因此，建議商業融資戰略（如本文中討論）是跳出本行「 。 有幾個商業融資情況下，商業借款人常常發現，非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人： （ 1 ）商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; （ 2 ）商業按揭貸款;和（ 3 ）信用卡處理程序。在某些情況下，傳統的銀行將提供商業融資，但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下，傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資，這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資，商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下，商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。 正如我在較早的商業融資的文章，在許多非競爭企業融資情況下，它並沒有什麼不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在一個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋求非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要，也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下，非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件，因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。 商業融資比如-比如銀行外 企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序 大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是非常貧窮的候選人，以考慮是否需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金，他們可以比銀行貸款，它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ，並找到非傳統的貸款，以協助這個商業融資的需要。 商業融資兩名-比如銀行外 商業按揭貸款 兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款，可避免如果他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法，傳統的銀行，以避免最特殊用途性質（如殯儀館和教堂） 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法，大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款（這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下） 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況，通常可以很容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。 商業融資例3 -比如銀行外 信用卡處理程序 選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務，可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商，才能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時，它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力，在提供援助信用卡保理業務中，也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫助，信用卡處理。 閉幕商業融資認為：我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行，以避免。應當指出的是，事實上，傳統和非傳統（非銀行）貸款，應加以避免。因此，當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ，它仍然是至關重要的，它們准備，以避免各種問題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資，尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支（信用卡應收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。