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中小企業融資約束外文

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⑴ 急求關於中小企業融資的外文參考文獻

研究中小企業融資要參考的英文文獻
英文圖書和期刊類文獻:

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from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.

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Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of

Large and Small Banks」,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System

Working Paper.

[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets

and Credit Rationing in Cote D』Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,

2001,17(4),520-532.

[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of

Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic

Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48.

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Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,

366-358。

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[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small

Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.

[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:

The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth

Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.137

[12]Berger and Udell,Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship

Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure[J],Economic

Journal,2002,112(447)L:32-53.

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Capital structures in developing countries[J].Journal of Finance,2001,

(56):87-130.

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structure:theory and evidence[J].Journal of Finance,1984,(39):857-880.

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liability effect[J].American Economic Review,1986,(76):956-970.

[16]Chang Chun.Capital structure as optimal contract[J].North American Journal

of Economics and Finance,1999,(10):363-385.

[17]Cole,R·A·,Goldberg,L·G·&White,L·J·Cookie-cutter versus character:The

micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks[J]·Journal

of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,2004,39,pp227-251.

[18]Collins,J.M.&Sekely,W.S.The relationship of headquarters country and

instry classification to financial structure[J].Financial Management,1983,

(3):45-51.

[19]David F.Scott,John D.Martin.Instry Influence on Financial Structure[J].

Financila Management,Spring,1975,67-73.

[20]DeAngelo,H.&Masulis,R.Optimal capital structure in corporate and Personal

Taxation.Journal of Financial Economics,1980,(8):3-29.

[21]Durand,David,1952,Cost of Debt and Equity Funds for Business:Trends and

Problems of Measurement,Conference on Research in Business Finance,

National Bureau of Economic Research,New York,p215-247.

[22]Eli Schwartz and J Richard Aronson.1967.Some Surrogate Evidence in

Support of the Concept of Optimal Financial Structure[J].Journal of Finance.

22(1):10-18.

[23]Enunza,VR.Determinants of financial structure in the central American

common market[J].Financial Management,1979,(3):72-77.

[24]Fama,E.&Jensen,M.C.Ageney Problem and resial claims.Journal of Law

and Economics,1983,(26):327-349.

[25]Frank M.Z.,GoyalV.K.Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure.138

Journal of Financial Economics,67:217-248,2003.

[26]Gilson,S.Tansaction cost and capital structure choice:evidences from

financially distressed firms[J].Journal of finance,1997,(52):161-195.

[27]Grossman,S.&Hart,O.Corporate financial structure and managerial in

incentives[J].In McCall,J.Ed.The economic of information uncertainty[M].

Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982:107-137.

[28]Hall,G.,Hutchinson,P.&Michaelas,N.Instry effects on the determinants

of unquoted SMEs』capital structure[J].International Journal of the Economics

of Business,2000,(7):297-312.

[29]Harris,M.&Raviv,A.The theory of capital structure[J].Journal of Finance,

1991,(46):297-355.

[30]Jensen,M.&Meckling,W.Theory of the firm:managerial behavior,agency

cost and capital structure[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1976,

3(l):305-360.

[31]Jordan,J.,Lowe,J.&Taylor,P.Strategy and financial policy in UK small firms

[J].Journal of Business Finance and Accounting,1998,(25):1-27.

[32]Jose Lopez-Gracia&Cristina Aybar-Arias.An empirical approach to the

financial behavior of small and medium sized companies[J].Small Business

Economics,2000,14(l):55-63.

[33]Kane,A.,Marcus,A.J.&McDonald,R.L.How big is the tax advantage to

debt[J].Journal of Finance,1984,(39):841-853.

[34]Kester C W.Capital and ownership structure:A comparison of United States

and Japanese manufacturing corporations[J].FinancialManagement,1986(15):

5-16.

[35]Kim W S,Sorensen E H.Evidence on the impact of the agency costs of debt in

corporate debt policy[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1986,

21:131-144.

[36]Lee Remmers.Instry and Size as Debt Ratio Determinants in Manufacturing

Internationally[J].Financial Management,summer.,2002(5),67-78.

[37]Long,M.&Maltiz,L.The investment-financing nexus:some empirical

evidence[J].Midland Corporate Finance Journal,1985,(3):53-59.

[38]Marsh,P.The choice between equity and debt:an empirical study[J].Journal of

Finance,1982,(37):121-144.139

[39]Mcmillan,J.,Woodruff,C.Interfirm Relationships and Informal Credit in

Vietnam[J].Quaterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(4):1285-1320.

[40]Mian,S.,and C.W...Smith.Accounts Receivable Management Policy:Theory

and Evidence,Journal of Finance,1992,47:169-200.

[41]Ming fang Li&Roy L.S.Environmental dynamism,capital structure and

innovation:an empirical test[J].The International Journal of Organizational

Analysis,2002,(10):169-179.

[42]Modigliani,F.&Miller,M.H.The cost of capital,corporation finance and the

theory of investment[J].American Economic Review,1958(58),261-297.

[43]Mreton H.Miller.Debt&Taxes.The Journal of Finance,Vol.XXXII,No.2,

May 1977,pp.261~275.

[44]Myers,S.C.,Determinants of corporate borrowing[J].Journal of Financial

Economics5,1977,146-75.

[45]Myers,S.The capital structure puzzle[J].Journal of Finance,1984,

39(3):575-592..

[46]Myers,S.&Majlu,N.Corporate financing and investment decisions when

firms have information that investors do not have[J].Journal of Financial

Economics,1984,13(l):187-221.

[47]Ng,Chee k.,J.K.Smith,R.I.Smith.Evidence on the Determinants of Credit

Terms Used in Interfirm Trade[J].Journal of Finance,1999,(54);1109-1129.

[48]Petersen,M.A.and R.G.Rajan.The Benefits of Lending Relationships:

Evidence from Small Business Data,the Journal of Finance,1994,XLIX,3-37.

[49]Petersen,M.A.and R.G.Rajan.Trade Credit:Theories and Evidence,the

Review of Financial Studies,1997,Vol.10.No 3,661-691.

[50]Piero Sraffa.The Works and Correspondence ofDavid Ricardo:Volume 1[M].

Cambridge:AtThe University Press,1951.

[51]Rajan,R.G.&Zingales,L.What do we known about capital structure?Some

evidence from international data[J].Journal of Finance,1995,(l):1421-1461.

[52]RobertM Bowen,et al,1982,Evidence on The Existence and Determinants of

Inter-Instry Differences in Leverage[J].Financial Management.Winter:

10-20.

[53]Ross.The determination of financial structure:The incentive signaling

approach,Bell Journal of Economics,1977,Vol.8,p23-40.[54]Saring,Oded H...Bargaining with a Corporation and the Capital Structure of

Bargaining Firm[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1984,(17).

[55]Scott,J.H.Bankruptcy,secured debt and optimal capital structure[J].Journal

of Finance,1977,(32):1-19.

[56]Smith,C.W.,andR.L.Watts,The Investment opportunity set and corporate

financing,dividend and compensation Polices[J],Journal of Financial

Economics3,1992,20-27

[57]Stiglitz,J.&Weiss,A.Credit rationing in the market with imperfect

information[J].American Economic Review,1981,73(3):393-409.

[58]Stultz R.Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies[J].Journal

ofFinancialEconomics,1990,(26):3-27.

[59]Taggart,R.A.A model of corporate financing decisions[J].Journal of Finance,

1977,(32):1467-1484.

[60]Taub,A.J.Determinants of the firm』s capital structure[J].Review of Economics

and Statistics,1975,(57):410-416.

[61]Titman,S.The effect of capital structure on a firm,liquidation

decision[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1984,(13):137-151.

[62]Titman,S.&Wessels,R.The determinants of capital structure choice[J].Journal

of Finance,1988,(43):1-19.

[63]Wald,J.K.How firm characteristics affect capital structure:an international

comparison[J]Journal of Financial Research,1999,(22):161-187.

[64]Willamson,O.Corporate finance and corporate governance[J].The Journal of

Finance,1988,43(3):567-591.

[65]William D.Bradford Creating Government Financing Programs for Small and

Medium-sized Enterprises in China[J].2004,234-245.

⑵ 求關於中小企業融資難的外文文獻

維普等檢索一下也可挖。大學圖書館也行

⑶ 急!中小企業融資的英文文獻和翻譯

除了下面給出的,你也可以看看我給其他人的回答
http://..com/question/98953036.html

Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs

Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans

Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs

The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.

A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.

商業融資解決方案-比如銀行外
2007年7月由Stephen布希
商業融資的借款人可能會認為,傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而,由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業,非傳統(非銀行)和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的情況。因此,建議商業融資戰略(如本文中討論)是跳出本行「 。
有幾個商業融資情況下,商業借款人常常發現,非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人: ( 1 )商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; ( 2 )商業按揭貸款;和( 3 )信用卡處理程序。在某些情況下,傳統的銀行將提供商業融資,但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下,傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資,這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資,商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下,商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。
正如我在較早的商業融資的文章,在許多非競爭企業融資情況下,它並沒有什麼不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在一個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋求非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要,也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下,非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件,因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。

商業融資比如-比如銀行外
企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序

大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是非常貧窮的候選人,以考慮是否需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金,他們可以比銀行貸款,它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ,並找到非傳統的貸款,以協助這個商業融資的需要。

商業融資兩名-比如銀行外
商業按揭貸款

兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款,可避免如果他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法,傳統的銀行,以避免最特殊用途性質(如殯儀館和教堂) 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法,大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款(這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下) 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況,通常可以很容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。

商業融資例3 -比如銀行外
信用卡處理程序

選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務,可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商,才能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時,它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力,在提供援助信用卡保理業務中,也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫助,信用卡處理。

閉幕商業融資認為:我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行,以避免。應當指出的是,事實上,傳統和非傳統(非銀行)貸款,應加以避免。因此,當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ,它仍然是至關重要的,它們准備,以避免各種問題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資,尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支(信用卡應收款和信用卡保理)程序,信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。

⑷ 關於中小企業融資的外文文獻近五年的 急急急,求大神幫忙 帶中文翻譯 跪求大神

外文文獻有,但翻譯沒有,翻譯得靠你自己了,如果需要可以回復即可,希望能滿足你的需要,能幫到你,多多給點懸賞分吧,急用的話請多選賞點分吧,這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你,我找到也是很花時間的

⑸ 急求互聯網金融和中小企業融資相關的外文文獻!

互聯網金融的出現在一定程度上緩解了中小企業融資難問題,促進了中小企業發展.針對這種情況,本文將從中小企業融資中常見問題入手,結合導致中小企業融資難的原因,對互聯網融資模式與優勢以及中小企業應用互聯網金融的方式展開研究,分析提高中小企業應用互聯網金融的方法,以便為中小企業提供新的籌資渠道與萬向.

⑹ 急求有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻

提供一些有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻,供寫作參考。

[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) .
[2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 .
[3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, .
[4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) .
[5] Peterson, M,Rajan, R.G. The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 .
[6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, .
[7] Kane,E.J. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, .
[8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, .
[9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .

⑺ 求一篇中小企業融資問題的外文文獻,外文全文+翻譯中文。一千字左右,

易軒外文有,輕松解決.樓主加油.

⑻ 【求助】求關於銀行對中小企業貸款風險方面的外文文獻原文及譯文

去擺渡上查查啊
商業銀行對中小企業貸款的風險與防範

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http://finance.sina.com.cn 2004年09月27日 11:36 中國經濟時報

-張禮慶 黃平

目前,我國中小企業在國民經濟發展中的作用和地位問題,越來越受到各方面的關注。由於中小企業的經營記錄不夠完全,財務信息可信度低,抵押物不足,經營風險大,因此,在有大企業進行選擇的情況下,金融機構普遍不願意對中小企業融資,無論是國內還是國外,中小企業融資難的現象都普遍存在。

一、對中小企業融資規律的認識

中小企業的融資需求,有其內在的規律,設計融資制度,必須對此做出深入的研究。

1、中小企業的融資需求動機

從宏觀看,中小企業的融資需求決定於業主選擇的分工狀態,通過融資制度,使更多的產業組織測試成為可能。在這方面,中小企業的融資需求主要分為兩類:一是創業需求,這是一種投資需求。其動機在於以勞動力市場的交易費用代替交易費用,然後得到成本節約的利益;二是發展融資的需求,這既包含交易動機,也包含投資動機。在發展的過程中,自有資金比例的下降,財務杠桿的上升,意味著用自有資金承擔的風險相對降低,也意味著風險向社會的轉移。從微觀看,中小企業的融資需求取決於資本結構,在中小企業發展的不同階段,以及不同治理結構、不同業主的中小企業,融資需求特徵不一致,融資方式、融資總量的選擇也不同。

2、中小企業的融資方式選擇

不同組織結構的中小企業,融資方式選擇的傾向性會有所差異,如非公司制企業通常選擇間接融資,而合夥企業通常不會融資。所有制不同,也會對中小企業融資方式的選擇產生影響,如國有中小企業通常依賴國有銀行的融資,民營企業則較多的依賴於民間金融進行直接融資。

3、中小企業融資難點

從直接融資看,中小企業的融資難點在於信息不對稱。由於直接融資方式要求資金的使用者通過信息批露及公正的會計、審計等第三者監督的方式來提高經營狀況的透明度。信息不透明的程度越高,資金提供者要求的在讓渡資金時所要求的風險補償就越高。中小企業的信用記錄缺乏,財務信息也可能不可靠,因而,在直接融資中,中小企業必須支付遠遠高於大企業的資金成本,這是中小企業難以通過上市公開募集資金的主要原因。

從間接融資看,站在銀行角度考慮,中小企業的融資難點主要有以下幾點:(1)中小企業數量多、類別復雜、單個貸款規模小,造成銀行經營成本增加;(2)由於中小企業擔保難,資信不夠,抵押品種少,經營中抗風險能力弱,致使銀行在風險機制約束下不願涉足;(3)中小企業融資需求頻率高,時間短,增加了銀行的流動性管理困難;(4)中小企業為便於競爭不願公開太多的內部信息,造成銀行信用調查難,因而銀行往往將中小企業拒之門外。

4、中小企業融資風險的控制

對中小企業融資,一方面,由於抵押物和擔保品不足,融資風險本身較高;另一方面,逆向選擇加大了中小企業的融資風險。因此,對中小企業的融資風險要有深入的認識。

從風險控制看,中小企業融資風險可以分為道德風險和非道德風險。所謂道德風險,指中小企業利用自己的信息優勢損害投資者利益,從而導致的投資風險。所謂非道德風險,就是中小企業在經營活動中形成的風險,不同的中小企業經營目標取向和管理者才能有差異,風險收益也不會一樣。非道德風險是可以預測的,也是可以通過融資制度的設計去分散並控制的。

從銀行角度看,中小企業的道德風險較一般的大企業高,原因在於其貸款抵押物不足。其實,這只是由於符合銀行偏好的抵押物不足。除了資產,中小企業還有很多替代擔保品,如自有資本比率,企業自有資本比率越高,則其自身承擔的風險就越高,對項目風險控制就越嚴格。

二、中小企業間接融資風險的解決辦法

當前我國中小企業的狀況,主要有以下幾個特點:一是大部分企業沒有真正建立起現代企業制度,體制不順,機制不活,有的企業雖然進行了體制改革,但是名不符實;二是管理不規范,相當部分企業法人和管理人員素質有待提高。一些企業管理混亂,財務不實,報表失真,甚至依據不同的需要,隨心所欲地編制或提供種種虛假報表;三是整體經濟效益差,抗風險能力弱。主要是企業虧損面廣,有的虧損額大,同時,企業的資本金少,固定資產規模小,可供貸款擔保抵押的有效資產不足;四是資信狀況差,一方面企業信用等級普遍不高,可供銀行選擇的優良客戶不多,另一方面,部分企業信用意識淡薄,重貸輕還,隨意拖欠貸款本息,有的甚至惡意逃債、賴債、廢債,損壞了中小企業的形象,降低了中小企業的信用度。

在這種情況下,金融中介機構在發放貸款時必須控制風險,加強風險管理和流動性管理。

1、風險管理

⑴控制融資額度,不以融資需求為唯一標准。

中小企業間接融資的增加,意味著中小企業的經營風險向間接融資體系的轉移。因而,銀行等金融機構不能完全以中小企業融資需求作為決定貸款額度的唯一依據,而是要充分考慮到中小企業的自有資金狀況和經營狀況。一方面,可以根據中小企業生產經營中可以預見的收入流來估計其還貸水平並確定貸款額度;另一方面,銀行可以根據中小企業自有資金數量確定一個貸款上限,只要融資總量沒有超過自有資金的量,作為債權人的銀行就沒有承擔主要風險,對中小企業的融資約束就可以相對放鬆。

⑵ 採用替代性的擔保方式

抵押物不足和難以獲得信用擔保是中小企業融資的固有特徵,應該考慮以替代的方式解決擔保問題,這樣,既可以滿足銀行經營管理中風險控制的要求,又適應了中小企業的現實情況,以下是集中替代性的擔保方式:

① 變企業擔保為個人擔保。對於中小企業來說,由於其經營者和所有者在大多數情況下是統一的,因此將對企業的信貸轉化為對個人的信貸基本上是一致的。但對銀行的信貸管理則不同,個人信貸側重於考察顧客的品格、聲望、學歷水平、金融歷史記錄、收入流和負債能力等,擔保審查也比較寬松。從國外的金融實踐來看,此類轉變對激勵客戶還貸有積極作用,並有助於精簡貸款手續,提高銀行對融資需求的反應速度。

② 群體擔保。由於族群關系,社區關系的存在,中小企業及其經營者往往存在一個關系相對密切的種族、宗族群體。由這些群體為中小企業提供擔保,能有效減少監督成本甚至交易成本。這一方面是由於如果中小企業惡意逃債,而群體代位賠付,將導致中小企業及其經營者失去群體的支持,這是極其高昂的成本;另一方面,同一社區的成員常常十分了解各自的信用狀況,人們會對加入者的信用狀況做出謹慎選擇,往往有意識地排除信用不好的人,降低了銀行的篩選成本。

③ 強制儲蓄。有的金融機構要求其貸款申請者事前參加儲蓄計劃,定期存入一定現金,並且在貸款未清償前,不得退出儲蓄計劃,這實際是一種替代性的擔保措施。這類強制儲蓄措施在一定程度上也能起到督促還貸的作用。

④ 還貸激勵。在借款者及時歸還本息後會給予其一定的利息返還,以作為按時還本付息的鼓勵,這也有助於鼓勵中小企業的還貸行為,降低中小企業的貸款風險。

⑤ 利用政策性擔保體系。當中小企業符合政策扶持要求,需要融資,但擔保品不足時,政策性金融機構會為中小企業提供擔保,以保障中小企業得到商業性金融機構的融資。如果風險確實發生,類似於中小企業基金之類的擔保機構則會履行代位清償職能,清償商業銀行部分本金,並承擔追討欠款的相應職責,這也一定程度上保證了商業銀行資金的安全性。

⑶ 通過提供附加服務,增加收益。銀行為中小企業提供綜合性服務,一方面,可以擴大銀行的盈利來源,另一方面,可以提高中小企業的競爭力,從而降低銀行融資風險,增強銀行的盈利能力。

2、流動性管理

⑴ 根據實際服務對象設計不同的貸款方式

針對中小企業的融資特點,根據不同中小企業特殊的現金流狀況、支付頻率,為其設計特殊的貸款方式及還款方式。國外金融機構為中小企業推出了形式多樣的貸款方式,許多與消費信貸十分類似,這就滿足了中小企業的特殊的交易性的資金需求,同時也便於銀行進行流動性管理。

⑵ 通過強制儲蓄、再貸款等手段進行流動性管理

由於強制儲蓄是貸款量的等比例縮減,因此,可以減輕銀行等金融機構現金支出的波動性。通過向大型商業銀行再融資或者向中央銀行再貸款,商業銀行能進一步減輕中小企業融資需求的波動性給流動性管理帶來的困難。

(作者單位:平安信託有限公司 西南財經大學中國金融中心)

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