① 高手幫忙翻譯下關於企業融資的論文摘要(中譯英)
SMEs in our country has become an important part of the national economy, and its healthy development for China's socialist market economic system building is of paramount importance. However, as a new force of China's national economy of small and medium enterprises, corporate finance is still in a difficult situation. This is often because of the narrow channels of corporate finance, financing options and credit misconct caused by the imperfect system. In this paper, this phenomenon, from the corporate finance the way of comparison, and its development trend analysis of two aspects. Analysis of the characteristics of the various financing methods to study our country SME finance trends. Come to SMEs on how to select suitable mode of financing their own conclusions, which for the vast number of SMEs in financing activities to provide effective recommendations and the basis.
Keywords: SMEs; financing; financing methods; financing trends
② 融資英文文獻
融資英文文獻(6000字左右 ) 作者:Justin.Athur.winner。 Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
商業融資解決方案-比如銀行外
2007年7月由Stephen布希
商業融資的借款人可能會認為,傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而,由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業,非傳統(非銀行)和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的情況。因此,建議商業融資戰略(如本文中討論)是跳出本行「 。
有幾個商業融資情況下,商業借款人常常發現,非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人: ( 1 )商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; ( 2 )商業按揭貸款;和( 3 )信用卡處理程序。在某些情況下,傳統的銀行將提供商業融資,但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下,傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資,這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資,商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下,商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。
正如我在較早的商業融資的文章,在許多非競爭企業融資情況下,它並沒有什麼不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在一個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋求非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要,也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下,非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件,因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。
商業融資比如-比如銀行外
企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序
大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是非常貧窮的候選人,以考慮是否需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金,他們可以比銀行貸款,它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ,並找到非傳統的貸款,以協助這個商業融資的需要。
商業融資兩名-比如銀行外
商業按揭貸款
兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款,可避免如果他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法,傳統的銀行,以避免最特殊用途性質(如殯儀館和教堂) 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法,大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款(這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下) 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況,通常可以很容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。
商業融資例3 -比如銀行外
信用卡處理程序
選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務,可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商,才能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時,它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力,在提供援助信用卡保理業務中,也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫助,信用卡處理。
閉幕商業融資認為:我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行,以避免。應當指出的是,事實上,傳統和非傳統(非銀行)貸款,應加以避免。因此,當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ,它仍然是至關重要的,它們准備,以避免各種問題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資,尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支(信用卡應收款和信用卡保理)程序,信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。
③ 求一篇工程管理的英語論文,有中文翻譯,5000字
Summary of the study on construction project management methodology: is the largest number of construction projects, the most typical "projects", construction project management practice is one of the important sources of project management theory with integrated project management system of project management theory and practical experience provide theories for construction project management tools, making increasingly systematic and scientific management of construction projects. Tags: 1, raised issues of project management and overview of project management is becoming a modern social address "one-off questions" effective tools that a kind of professional qualification, wide application in the process of social, economic and rapid development is that it provides a new way. Modern social economic total constantly increased, economic globalization, and information trend increasingly enhanced, development speed speed up, process complex, new of instry, and field constantly appears, procts development cycle shortened, led increasingly more of "one-time", and no precedent can through of task of appears, especially enterprise and management social public affairs of Government, more faced was increasingly complex of from market and at home and abroad Affairs of various problem, involves of factors, and interests main increasingly more, these problem General of management approach difficult to solution or successfully solution, and from construction project and the military, and space exploration, field of project management method by upgrade for project management theory and thought, provides has solution social economic development non-General problem of means. You can think, lies in its development and application of project management method. Widely promoted popular project management in China in recent years, the ascendant, and we introce, universal focus, should not be a complicated theories, concepts, proceres, and should be concise, applicable and effective way. Regardless of the economic structure changes, construction remains the main carrier of China's economic development. In comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in China under the background of the Northwest, Northeast, become important means for economic revitalization in many parts of the project. Some cities even proposed "project will flourish cities" slogan. Rely mainly on the application of new scientific and technological achievements in economic progress, relying on the content-type extension, depend on the situation of knowledge innovation, rely on an extensive project is not a suitable means of revitalizing the economy, has been in China for failure to pay the investment decision of enormous cost, so using the scientific method on engineering construction project management, including assessment of argumentation, is the important condition of the building can achieve the desired purpose of the project. Project management methods are not only specific methods, including thought. Party of 16 session third plenary made people, and can continued of science development view, "people", and "can continued" of a basic content is science and technology, and economic, and environment, and social of coordination development, project construction do for development economic of important means, not only cost huge, and on around environment has larger effect, so must meet can continued, and coordination development requirements, this is project management of important guiding ideology one. Methodology is the study of methods. Comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in Northwest and northeast of real background might set off a new round of upsurge of construction, sustainable and coordinated development of scientific concept of development put certain constraints on the construction of macro-control, this method should be implemented in construction project management. Project management is not only for the purposes of achieving specific objectives (ration, quality and cost), should also do project construction and coordination of environmental, social or risk repeating previous errors, mistake, got out of the investment mistakes. This is also a project management method to rise to "methodology" meaning one. Project management of theory so far has can said is is complete of, this not only performance in rich diverse of theory results as various project management books (including translation) of launched, more performance in this area has has own of "knowledge system", as United States Project Management Association (PMI) Yu 1987 made and by 1996, and 2000 amendment of "project management knowledge system", international project management Association 1997 launched has "project management personnel ability benchmark", China double method society for the project management Research Committee also Yu 2001 launched China project management knowledge system under. Each of these knowledge systems project management body of knowledge is divided into a number of areas, elements, moles, China knowledge system "methods and tools" concept, other systems do not have on the topic independent of the method, but throughout all stages of project management, processes, fields. Various project management works also focus on content, stage of project management, program, organization of expositions devoted to rare. Of course, this does not mean to ignore, perfection but summary, concentrate on methods of research and contribute to the popularization and application of project management project management role into full play.
建設工程項目管理的方法論研究
摘要:建設工程項目是數量最多、最典型的「項目」,建設工程項目管理的實踐是項目管理理論的重要淵源之一,融合了項目管理實踐經驗的系統的項目管理理論又為建設工程項目管理提供了理論工具,使得建設工程項目管理日益系統化、科學化。
關鍵詞:項目管理 工程
1、問題的提出及現狀綜述
項目管理之所以成為一種現代社會解決「一次性問題」的有效工具以至於一種職業資格,在社會事務、經濟過程中廣泛應用並且迅速發展,就在於它提供了一種新的方法。現代社會經濟總量不斷增加,經濟全球化、信息化趨勢日益增強,發展速度加快,過程復雜,新的行業、領域不斷出現,產品開發周期縮短,導致越來越多的「一次性」、無先例可循的任務的出現,尤其是企業和管理社會公共事務的政府,更面臨著日趨復雜的來自市場和國內外事務的各種問題,涉及到的因素、利益主體越來越多,這些問題常規的管理辦法難以解決或圓滿解決,而來自建設工程項目及軍事、空間探索等領域的項目管理方法經提升為項目管理理論和思想,提供了解決社會經濟發展中非常規問題的手段。可以認為,項目管理的發展與應用在於它的方法。項目管理在中國廣泛推廣普及是近幾年的事,方興未艾,而我們引進、普及的重點,不應是繁瑣的理論、概念、程序,而應該是簡明、適用、有效的方法。
不論經濟結構如何變化,工程項目建設仍是我國經濟發展的主要載體。在我國目前全面建設小康社會、開發西北、振興東北的背景下,項目建設成為許多地區經濟振興的重要手段。有的城市甚至提出「項目興市」的口號。在經濟進步主要依靠新科技成果應用、依靠內涵式擴展、依靠知識創新的形勢下,靠粗放式項目建設並不是合適的振興經濟的手段,我國也一直在為投資決策的失誤付出巨大代價,所以利用科學方法對工程建設項目進行管理,包括評估論證,將是項目建設能否達到預期目的的重要條件。
工程項目管理方法不僅是具體方法,也包括思想。黨的十六屆三中全會提出以人為本、可持續的科學發展觀,「以人為本」、「可持續」的一個基本內容就是科學技術、經濟、環境、社會的協調發展,工程項目建設做為發展經濟的重要手段,不僅耗資巨大,而且對周圍環境有較大影響,所以必須滿足可持續、協調發展要求,這也是工程項目管理的重要指導思想之一。方法論是對方法的研究。全面建設小康社會、開發西北、振興東北的現實背景可能掀起新一輪工程建設熱潮,可持續、協調發展科學發展觀對工程項目建設提出了一定製約的宏觀控制,這一點要落實到建設項目管理的方法上。工程項目管理的目的不僅是實現具體的目標(工期、質量、費用),也應做到項目建設與環境、社會的協調,否則可能重蹈以前投資失誤、失策、失控的覆轍。這也是工程項目管理方法上升到「方法論」的意義之一。
項目管理的理論至今已可以說是很完備的,這不僅表現在豐富多樣的理論成果如各種項目管理書籍(包括翻譯)的面世,更表現在這個領域有了自己的「知識體系」,如美國項目管理協會(PMI)於1987年提出並經1996、2000年修訂的「項目管理知識體系」,國際項目管理協會1997年推出了「項目管理人員能力基準」,中國雙法研究會項目管理研究委員會也於2001年推出《中國項目管理知識體系》。上述各知識體系將項目管理知識劃分為若干領域、要素、模塊,中國的知識體系有「方法與工具」概念,其他體系未有關於方法的獨立專題,而是貫穿於項目管理的各個階段、過程、領域。各種項目管理著作也多側重於對項目管理內容、階段、程序、組織等的論述,對於方法的專門論述不多見。當然這並不意味著對方法的忽略,但對方法的總結、集中研究與完善有助於項目管理的推廣應用的項目管理作用的充分發揮。
④ 工程項目融資案例
廣東省深圳沙角B火力發電廠項目中小企業融資案例,這是中國最早的一個有限追索的項目中小企業融資案例,也是事實上中國第一次使用BOT中小企業融資概念興建的項目中小企業融資案例。沙角B電廠的中小企業融資安排本身也比較合理,是亞洲發展中國家採用BOT方式興建項目的典型。
一、項目情況介紹:
項目:深圳沙角火力發電廠建設。1984年簽署合資協議,1986年完成中小企業融資安排、動工興建,1988年建成投入使用。電廠總裝機容量70萬千瓦。
項目投資結構:深圳沙角B電廠採用了中外合作經營方式,合作期為10年。合資雙方分別是:深圳特區電力開發公司(中方),合和電力(中國)有限公司(外方,一家在香港注冊專門為該項目而成立的公司)。在合作期內,外方負責安排提供項目的全部外匯資金,組織項目建設,並且負責經營電廠10年。外方獲得在扣除項目經營成本、煤炭成本和付給中方的管理費後全部的項目收益。合作期滿後,外方將電廠的資產所有權和控制權無償地轉讓給中方,並且退出該項目。項目投資總額:42億港幣(按86年匯率,摺合5.396億美元)。項目貸款組成是:日本進出口銀行固定利率日元出口信貸26140萬美元,國際貸款銀團的歐洲日元貸款5560萬美元,國際貸款銀團的港幣貸款7500萬美元,中方深圳特區電力開發公司的人民幣貸款(從屬性項目貸款)――9240萬。(有關數據資料參見 Clifford Chance, Project Finance, IFR Publishing Ltd. 1991.)
項目能源供應和產品銷售安排:在本項目中,中方深圳特區電力開發公司除提供項目使用的土地、工廠技術操作人員,以及為項目安排優惠的稅收政策外,還簽訂了一個具有「供貨或付款」(Supply o r Pay)性質的煤炭供應協議和一個「提貨與付款」(Take a nd Pay)性質的電力購買協議,承諾向項目提供生產所需的煤炭並購買項目產品――電力。這樣,中方就為項目提供了較為充分的信用保證。
從表面上看,電廠項目並沒有像一般在發展中國家興建基礎設施項目那樣依靠政府特許為基礎,而是中外合資雙方根據合作協議以及商業合同為基礎組織起來的。但是,由於中方深圳特區電力開發公司和項目的主要擔保人廣東省國際信託投資公司都具有明顯的政府背景,廣東省政府也以出具支持信的形式表示了對項目的支持,因此深圳沙角B電廠項目實際上也具有一定的政府特許性質。
二、項目風險分析
國際項目中小企業融資中一般存在信用風險、完工風險、生產經營風險、市場風險、金融風險、政治風險和環境保護風險等常見風險。現在我們就來看看在電廠這個項目中究竟存在哪些比較突出的風險。
本項目是火力發電廠建設,為確保電力生產,必須有充足的煤炭供應。因此,妥善地解決能源供應風險的問題就具有特殊的重要意義。中國的煤炭產量居世界第一,而且項目合作的中方深圳特區電力開發公司已經簽訂了煤炭供應協議,負責提供項目生產所需的煤炭。考慮到中方的政府背景以及中國政府支持特區開發建設的宏觀政策,因而項目能源供應是比較有保障的。在經營管理方面,中方負責向電廠提供技術操作人員,而負責經營電廠的外方合和電力具有較強的經營管理能力,其委派到電廠的管理人員也都具有比較豐富的管理經驗,因而項目的經營管理風險也比較小。就項目本身的性質來看,火力發電廠屬於技術上比較成熟的生產建設項目,在國內外的應用都已經有相當長的時間,技術風險也是比較小的。綜合以上幾點,應該認為本項目的生產經營風險不大。
市場風險方面,主要應該解決項目所生產的電力的銷售問題,這是項目各方收益以及項目貸款人收回貸款的根本保障。考慮到項目所在地深圳正在進行大規模的開發建設,對電力的需求很大,而且在相當長的時期內將持續增加,因此項目產品――電力的銷售應該具有良好的市場前景。而且,項目的中方已經通過簽訂「提貨與付款」(Take a nd Pay)性質的電力購買協議,保證購買項目生產的全部電力。因此,本項目的市場風險也是不大的。
⑤ 現代工程項目融資概述的論文,誰能提供一些參考文獻,至少十五篇
你不會是河北經貿大學工程管理的吧?我們期末考試布置的就是這題目論文,也要求十五篇參考文獻!
⑥ 5000字關於土木工程類的英語論文,並帶中文翻譯
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction
Anonymous XXXXXXXX
Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects.
Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation
Text:
A, background
River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, proctivity high.
The traditional embankment design often single ?
一、背景
河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯的過渡地帶,具有顯著的邊緣效應。這里有活躍的物質、養分和能量的流動,為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產力高。
傳統的堤岸設計往往會單純從防洪角度出發,採用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來高高的堤岸。它的優點在於高度的可靠性,結構設計後加起防護堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強。對於洪水暴發頻繁、侵蝕嚴重的區段,這樣的設計無可厚非,而對於一般河流堤岸的修建,這樣的設計則顯得缺乏環境的美化和綠化,同時也破壞許多對生態起重要作用的自然因素,如破壞植被與河床間的聯系,造成沖刷侵蝕轉移等。
另外,河流作為城市風貌不可多得的珍惜資源,也是城市風貌的特色要素,它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時,堤岸景觀建設必然使濱河地區土地價值提升,濱水開發的高投資回報的特點更增強了對城市堤岸景觀建設的需求。
二、需求——堤岸的生態化建設
河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區域,是城市與河流的銜接線,它的景觀規劃是提高城市生活品質的需要,也是豐富城市景觀的需要。
生態化建設,它的根本思路是運用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復的能力來處理人與自然的關系。生態設計方法不同於傳統用人工的結構和形式來取代自然的方法,而是用自然的結構和形式來順應自然的進程。
將河岸與河道在生態上聯系起來,也就實現了物質、養分、能量的交流:對於生物,它提供了合適的棲息地;植物根系可固著土壤,枝葉可截留雨水,過濾地表逕流,抵抗流水沖刷,從而起到保護堤岸、增加堤岸結構的穩定性、凈化水質、涵養水源的作用,而且隨著時間的推移,這些作用被不斷加強。同時,生態化建設以自然的外貌出現,容易與環境取得協調,造價也較低,不需要長期的維護管理。
三、河流堤岸生態化設計方式
河流堤岸生態化設計,要遵守生態設計的原則,注重地方性、保護與節約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然,主要體現在對地域氣候環境、河流地質地貌、水文變化的適應,對河流生態環境的考慮,對堤岸地形的處理和對築堤材料的選擇和構造方式方面。
1) 人工類:
傳統方法是採用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌。可在此基礎上加以改進以適應河流景觀設計的需求。
a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌,不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙,為後期濱河植物的生長提供了空間。隨著時間的推移,堤岸會逐漸呈現出自然的風貌。
b) 堤岸採用台階式分級,台階面上的空間加以利用,種植植物。
當然這兩種改進方法對於河岸處現有植被仍存在一定的不良影響,人工痕跡也過於明顯。
2) 自然類:
充分利用堤岸植被原型,可直接將適用於濱河地帶生長的植被種植於堤岸上,利用植物的根、莖、葉來穩固堤岸,防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時也為生物提供了棲息地。
3) 人工自然相結合
綜合了以上兩種方法的優點,具有人工結構的穩定性和自然的外貌,見效快、生態效益好,以下為常見的兩種類型:
a) 種植植物的堆石
將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置於與水接觸的土壤表面,再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩定。根系可提高強度,植被可遮蓋石塊,使堤岸外貌更加自然。
b) 與植物結合使用的插孔式混凝土塊
將預制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置於岸底的淺渠中,再將植物切枝或植株扦插於混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部,其上覆土壓實,再播種草本植物。
堤岸生態化建設也存在一定的局限性。如:選用的材料及建造方法不同,堤岸的防護能力相差很大,需要運用多學科知識認真分析,這就為設計人員提出了更大的挑戰;建造初期若受到強烈干擾,則會影響到以後防護作用的發揮等。這也就對河流堤岸的生態化設計提出了更高的要求。
四、國內現狀
1)省會城市
在我國省會城市及計劃單列市中有近80%進行了堤岸景觀規劃。(參考文獻[3])
城 市 項目名稱 城 市 項目名稱
北 京 長河城市水系統綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程
長 沙 湘江風光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程
成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道
福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽 渾河觀光旅遊帶
廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長堤建設 太 原 汾河公園
貴 陽 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程
哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風景長廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程
昆 明 盤龍江中段濱水生態景觀建設 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程
蘭 州 黃河風情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅遊觀光大道
從規劃後建成情況看,這些城市河流堤岸景觀項目都得到了當地政府與市民的肯定。在這些項目中,堤岸既可成為當地最具吸引力的城市公園,如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園;堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動的熱點地段,如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程;堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段,如重慶的南濱路濱江旅遊觀光大道;堤岸更可成為城市旅遊的熱點,如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道。總之,經過景觀規劃的堤岸已成為當地最具特色的地區。
從建設效果看,相對堤岸的原來面貌而言,統計資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的,都成為當地城市關注的熱點,成為當地政府的政績工程,成為當地的民心工程。城市河流堤岸通過景觀規劃,有效地改善了濱河地段的環境,並帶動濱河地段的開發。但必須清醒地認識到,這些城市堤岸景觀項目規劃並非盡善盡美,也存在這樣或那樣的問題,仍有待完善。
2)中小城市
城市經濟實力的強大決定了其城市建設水平的高標准和高水平。
中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統計資料中的城市存在較大的差距,存在更多的問題。特別是由於資金問題,堤岸景觀是,純人工,狀態的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤,或保持自然防洪狀態的土石堤,沒有經過景觀規劃,易造成城市資源的極大浪費。
五、前景
目前,河流景觀建設,特別是城市河流景觀建設,在中國正方興未艾;在發達國家中也是一個久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發達國家河流景觀建設的歷史,自20世紀70年代以來,隨著人們環境意識的普遍增強,重視河流景觀的生態功能已成為一個時代的呼喚,河流景觀建設的生態設計方法也已得到了空前的重視和發展。他山之石可以攻玉,借鑒發達國家已經形成的成熟的理念和做法,可以使我們少走彎路,搭上隆隆前進的生態建設之車。
⑦ 求關於「融資方式對企業投資的影響」的文章大神們幫幫忙
開辟融資渠道,形成合理融資結構--工程公司如何走出融資困境 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 中國融資 來源:上海攀成德企業管理顧問有限公司 點擊數:12 更新時間:2007-6-11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 隨著國家經濟的迅猛發展,基礎設施建設投資強勢增長,為工程公司規模擴張提供良好的機遇,但發展中亦提出了較高的資金需求。同時,基礎設施建設行業逐漸呈現項目墊資多、資金佔用多、資金監管嚴的新特點,提高了項目回報,但對建設單位的資金實力、融資能力也提出了一定的挑戰。然長期以來,國內融資渠道不暢,以銀行信貸為主的局面尚未得到根本改善,一定程度上限制了企業的發展。在此行業背景下,形成了工程公司資金壓力大、效率低,融資渠道少、風險大的局面。 1. 資金壓力大 規模擴大帶來的資金壓力。基礎設施行業,尤其是路橋行業,正進入一個高速發展通道,工程公司也因此適逢一個發展壯大的良好機遇。但規模擴大的同時,人力、機械設備都需要更多的投入,項目的增多也需要更多的資金進行運作,各方面都對資金提出了較高的需求,使得公司資金吃緊。 |博銳|34 項目運作中的資金壓力。相對而言,項目運作中對資金需求更為直接,壓力也更為強大,主要表現在兩個方面:一方面,墊資承包。目前行業內項目都有不同程度的墊資,對工程公司的資金運作造成了直接而巨大的壓力;另一方面,業主款項到位不及時,形成變相墊資。項目受政策、政府因素影響較大,往往出現業主款項不能及時到位、工程款延期支付的情況,形成施工單位變相墊資的局面,帶來一定資金壓力。 2. 資金效率低 一方面,項目資金監管嚴格,實行專款專用,使得工程公司難以實現資金統一調配,造成資金大量沉澱,使用效率大大降低。 另一方面,工程項目質保金、投標保證金、履約保證金等資金被無償佔用越來越多,也造成資金使用效率的大幅降低。 3. 融資渠道少、風險大。 目前,工程公司融資渠道往往集中於銀行短期信貸,形成較大財務風險。 面對大量的融資需求,各類融資渠道應運而生。隨著我國資本市場的改革和完善,企業可以選擇的融資渠道逐漸增多。總體而言,融資方式可分為債權融資和股權融資,具體又可分細為商業信用、內部融資、股權融資、債務融資、債券融資、項目融資等。 1. 商業信用 商業信用主要包括應付賬款、應付票據、預付賬款等,該融資方式應用靈活,操作簡單,並且可以多次反復使用,財務成本為零,但融資額度有限,不能解決企業大額資金需求。商業信用是企業經營活動中應用最為廣泛的一種融資方式,是企業融資的首選。需要注意的是,在合理的信用額度內,該融資方式風險低,一旦超過合理的信用額度進行操作,風險將大大增加,可能造成企業信譽、銀行信用等級的降低,從而帶來較大損失。 2. 內部融資 內部融資,顧名思義,面向企業內部的籌資,主要包括內部積累、資產變現、內部增資等。 內部積累,指為了籌集企業長遠發展的資金,通過減少企業利潤分紅來籌集資金的融資方式。該融資方式操作簡單、成本低、風險小,但積累額度偏低,並且不分紅影響中小股東利益,可能引致中小股東的不滿。 資產變現,指通過企業內部資產重組,通過剝離、出售部分資產來籌集資金的融資方式。該融資方式操作簡單,成本低,但使用次數有限,一般在企業改制、改組、改革中使用。選擇變現資產應重點考慮企業發展戰略,確保資產的變現促進企業戰略實現,或至少不影響企業戰略實現。 內部增資,指向企業內部股東定向募集資金的一種融資方式。蓋融資方式操作簡單,成本低,不用到期還款的壓力,風險小,但受股東自身資金實力、對企業未來投資收益的預期等影響,使用次數有限,一般應用於突發性、緊急性資金籌集。 3. 股權融資 股權融資,通過股權的出讓來籌集資金的一種融資方式,主要包括上市、引入戰略投資者。股權融資的優點是籌集的資金量大,且沒有到期還本付息的壓力,對資金募集者而言,風險較小。其缺點之一是操作復雜,尤其是上市,需要有一個復雜而漫長的過程,帶來較高的費用籌集成本;其二是代價高昂。對投資者而言,投資風險較大,需要有較高的回報,需要參與企業收益分配;其三是控制權喪失風險。投資者的加入,將導致企業股權結構的調整,進而可能使企業原有控制者失去控制權。 4. 債務融資 本處債務融資指通過民間或銀行信貸籌集資金的一種融資方式,包括民間借貸和銀行信貸等。 民間借款,以向其他企業或個人協議借款的方式籌集資金的一種融資方式。該融資方式優點之一是操作簡單靈活,沒有銀行借款繁瑣的手續和程序;其二是抵押和擔保少;其三是借款歸還可以適當延展,風險相對較小。其缺點是渠道有限,數量有限。 銀行信貸,該方式是目前外部融資,應用最為常用的融資方式。銀行信貸的優點之一是資金供應量大;其二是操作靈活,可以根據企業需要進行長、短期貸款搭配;其三是相對債權、上市、信託等渠道,手續相對簡明,資金籌集費用低。缺點之一是抵押和擔保,在金融監管嚴格,銀行風險意識強的現實條件下,抵押和擔保要求非常嚴格,一定程度上限定了企業的融資金額;之二是風險大,信貸資金有較大還本付息的壓力,短期借貸更為明顯,對企業資金安排要求較高。 5. 債券融資 債權融資,指向公眾發行債券來籌集資金的一種方式,該方式在國外應用廣泛,受國內監管所制,國內應用不多,但隨著監管的逐步松動,可以預計,該方式未來將成為企業的重要融資渠道之一。 該方式優點之一是發行成本低。債券票面利率一般低於國家商業銀行一年期貸款利率。其二是募集資金量大,更好的便於企業解決資金缺口問題;其三是發行面廣,利於企業宣傳和品牌形象樹立。 該方式缺點之一是發行條件多,審批程序嚴格。目前需要由國家發改委和中國人民銀行統籌審批,證監會核准;其二是資金籌集費用高。因審批程序的嚴格,公開的發行,帶來較高的資金籌集費用。其三是風險大。債券募集資金額度大,企業面臨的到期還款壓力也大。其四是違約成本高。如企業在到期日不能及時還款,可能造成企業的公眾信任危機,給企業生產經營活動造成麻煩。 6. 項目融資 前述均屬於公司融資的范圍,即以公司的名義,以公司的資產、未來的預期收益等為保障的融資方式。項目融資,則是以建設項目的名義,以該項目自身預期現金流量和未來收益、自身財產與所有者權益為保障來籌集資金的一種融資方式。目前主要應用於基礎設施建設和規模大、具有長期穩定預期收益的項目,如電力、高速公路、大型橋梁、隧道等。項目融資主要有BOT、資產證券化、信託等類型。 BOT。BOT是「建設——經營——轉讓」英文(BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFOR)縮寫,通過特殊權協議,政府授予投資者承擔公共性基礎設施項目的融資、建造、經營和維護;在協議規定的許可期限內,投資者擁有所建造設施所有權,並可向設施使用方收取合理的費用,由此收回投資成本並獲取合理回報;特許期屆滿,投資者將設施無償交給簽約方的政府或所屬機構。目前,上海建工、中建等均有公路、橋梁項目運作的成功案例。 資產證券化。以項目所屬資產未來預期收益為基礎和保證,通過在公開發行債券而募集資金的一種證券化的項目融資方式。該方式目前在國內少有成功案例。 信託。信託是指委託人基於對受託人的信任,將其財產權委託給受託人,由受託人按委託人的意願以自己的名義,為受益人的利益或者特定目的,進行管理或者處分的行為。包括信託貸款和股權信託兩種方式。 ①. 信託貸款是指信託公司通過信託方式吸收資金,用於向項目發放貸款的資金運用方式。該貸款類似於銀行信貸,不同的是信託貸款的償還方式比銀行貸款靈活性大,企業與信託公司協商償還方式,可以採取等本息、利隨本清、到期一次性支付本息等。同時信託公司對信用風險控制要求嚴格,一般要求企業提供多種措施來降低信用風險,包括第三者擔保、政府支持等; ②. 股權信託是指信託公司運用信託資金對項目進行股權投資,以股息、紅利所得以及到期轉讓股權方式作為信託收益的一種資金運用形式。相對貸款類信託,信託公司承擔的風險增大,一般要求制定相應的措施規避風險,包括對項目進行絕對控股、階段性持股等。 通過對項目融資三種方式的分析可以看出,BOT主要是業主採取的一種融資方式,資產證券化在國內操作難度相對較大,信託則是業主和承建單位均可以操作的一種融資方式。
⑧ 求一篇關於對外承包工程的英文文獻,最好有翻譯,急~~
國際工程承包是指一個國家的政府部門、公司、企業或項目所有人(一般稱工程業主或發包人)委託國外的工程承包人負責按規定的 條件承擔完成某項工程任務。國際工程承包是一種綜合性的國際經濟 合作方式,是國際技術貿易的一種方式,也是國際勞務合作的一種方 式。之所以將這種方式作為國際技術貿易的一種方式,是因為國際承 包工程項
目建設過程中,包含有大量的技術轉讓內容,特別是項目建 設的後期,承包人要培訓業主的技術人員,提供所需的技術知識(專利技術、專有技術),以保證項目的正常運行。
一.工程承包合同的基本內容
招標成交的國際工程承包合同不是採取單一合同方式,而是採取另一種合同方式,這種合同是由一些有關文件組成的,通常稱為合同文件(contract documents)。
合同文件包括:招標通知書、投標須知、合同條件、投標書、中標通知書和協議書等。按照國際上通用的"合同條件",一般包括以下內容:
1.監理工程師和監理工程師代表權責條款
合同中應該規定,發包人須將其任命的監理工程師及時通知承包人,監理工程師是發包人的代理人,在監理工程師中選定監理工程師 代表負責監督工程施工和處理履約中出現的問題。
2.工程承包的轉讓和分包條款
合同一般規定,承包人未經發包人或其代理人同意,不得將全部合同、合同的任何部分、合同的任何利益和權益轉讓給第三者。經發包人或其代理人同意,承包人方可把部分工程分包給他人,但原承包人仍對全部工程負責。
3.承包人一般義務條款
根據合同規定,承包人應該負責工程項目的全部設計和施工,並無償提供為施工所必備的勞務、材料、機器設備及管理知識。
4.特殊自然條件和人為障礙條款
工程承包合同,一般來說履行合同時間較長,在履行合同中,可能會由於特殊自然條件和人為原因給工程的施工帶來困難,必須採取 一定的措施才能排除,例如,增加施工機械設備、勞動力、材料等, 這樣就要增加承包費用或推遲工程進度。以上問題須經監理工程師或監理工程師的代表確認,發包人才能償付額外增加的費用或同意工程 延期。
5.竣工和推遲竣工條款
合同中規定竣工時間和標准,工程完成後承包人經監理工程師或其代表驗收無誤後發給竣工證明,標志著工程項目已全部竣工。如果出現一些特殊情況,如工程變更、自然條件變化、人為障礙使工程延誤,承包人經監理工程師同意,可以延長工程的竣工期限。
6.專利權和專有技術條款
承包人或分包人須向發包人提供專利和專有技術,並承擔被第三方控告合同范圍內專利權為非法、以及專利權被第三方侵犯時的責任; 承包人提供的專有技術,雙方應訂立保密條款。
7.維修條款
合同中的維修條款是說明維修期限和維修費用的負擔問題。維修期限一般是從竣工證書簽發之日起計算,一般土木工程維修期為十二 個月。在維修期內,承包人應按監理工程師的要求,對工程缺陷進行維修、返工或彌補等。如果工程的缺陷是由於承包人的疏忽造成,由承包人負擔由此而引起的費用。如果由於其他原因造成,由發包人負擔費用。
8.工程變更條款
合同簽訂後,發包人或監理工程師有權改變合同中規定的工程項 目,承包人應按變更後的工程項目要求進行施工。因工程變更增加或減少的費用,應在合同的總價中予以調整,工期也要相應改變。
9.支付條款
支付條款一般規定在合同條件的"特殊條件"之中,主要包括:
(1)預付款:工程開工前,發包人應按合同規定支付給承包人一部分預付款,預付款金額一般是合同總價的5-15%以便承包人購置機械設備和采購材料等。
(2)臨時結算:發包人每月向承包人支付一次,發包人每月支付的金額應扣除承包人的保留金,保留金通常是每月支付金額的5- 10%左右,但保留金的累計金額達到合同總價款的5%時,就不再扣留,承包人交付的保留金應在工程竣工和維修期滿後全部退還給承包人。
(3)支付期限:一般規定,在監理工程師簽發給結算單之日起 十五至三十天以內,發包人要向承包人付清費用。
(4)遲付加息:如果發包人不按規定付款,應按工程項目所在國中央銀行放款利率加息。 後結算證書之日起三十天內,發包人付清全部價款。
10 .違約懲罰條款
合同項下的雙方當事人在履行合同過程中,可能會出現違約的行為,針對各方違約的情況,分別訂立違約懲罰條款。
(1)對承包人違約的懲罰:承包人凡是未經發包人書面同意而 轉讓和分包承包工程;承包人凡是無正當理由不按時開工;承包人未按合同規定標准准備材料;承包人不聽從監理工程師的正當警告;承包人忽視工程質量等,均屬承包人的違約行為。對此,發包人有權終止合同,沒收承包人的履約保證金或者採取其他必要的懲罰措施。
(2)對發包人違約的懲罰。
凡是以下情況即構成發包人違約:未向承包人按時支付費用;干擾、阻礙或拒絕向承包人簽發付款證明;無正當理由中途決定停工,故意製造事端,挑剔和責難承包人等等。
對於發包人的違約行為承包人有權終止合同,發包人須賠償承包人因准備開工或施工中所有費用的支出和機器設備折舊費用,運輸費用等。
除上述合同條款外,還要訂立仲裁條款,特殊風險條款等。
二.工程承包合同的招標方式
招標(Tender, Invitation to invite tender) 是一方(招標人)欲出售、購買商品,或欲建設工程項目按一定程序徵求應徵人, 不經磋商而進行交易的一種方法。應徵人按招標人的要求提出具體方案並寄交招標人稱為投標(to submit tender 或 submission of tender)國際競爭性招標的程序大致分為如下幾個階段:
1.招標前的准備工作。(1)項目招標委員會的組成。招標委員會應由國家主管部門組織,聘請工程、商務、外匯、法 律等各有關方面的專家組成,負責解決項目招標中所遇到的各種問題, 並具體指導招標工作。(2)招標公告。在進行招標前,應在國內外有影響的報刊上發布招標公告。它包括招標通知和招標廣告兩個部分。招標通知是指分別送給與項目有關的與所在國建立了外交和商務關系的各國有關部門的書面通知。招標廣告是指在國內外有影響的報刊上所刊登的招標廣告。 通知和廣告的內容應包括:項目名稱、項目地點、項目內容概況 、工程范圍、索取招標文件的日期、地址及截止日期、招標條件、價 格以及有關事項的咨詢單位等。(3)資格預審。資格預審是指對願意承擔招標項目的投標人進行的財務狀況、技術能力、資信等方面的預先審查。目的是選擇確有承包能力的投標人。(4)制定標底。招標委員會刊登招標廣告後,即應准備合同價格,通過項目概算,確定合同的價格水平,亦稱為"標底",是招標委員會掌握的底牌,是絕對保密的。
2.公開招標。公開招標是指招標委員會通知取得投標資格的投標人或刊登廣告知悉投標人索取或購買招標文件,邀請其前來投標的招標環節。
3.開標。開標是指招標委員會在規定的日期、時間和地點,將截止日期前 收到的全部投標文件,在所有投標人或其代表在場的情況下,當場拆封投標文件,並公開宣讀各投標人的投標條件,以使全體投標人了解各家的標價,這種程序即為開標。
4.評標與決標。開標以後即轉入評標階段。招標委員會將投標文件的標價,及其它條件一一匯集列表,選取其中報價最低的四、五份投標文件,進行 審查、鑒別、比較,直至決定中標單位,這一階段,是在秘密條件下進行的。決標是根據評標報告及其推薦意見為依據,由招標委員會決定中 標人,同時向中標人發出中標通知書的環節,對未中標的人一般可不通知,或只簡單通知××承包人中標即可。
5.簽訂合同。中標人在接到正式的"中標通知書"後,即應在規定的時間內與工程業主簽訂工程承包合同。合同先由一方起草,並在該草稿基礎上進行磋商,達成一致諒解後簽訂。
International engineering contracting refers to a country's government departments, companies, enterprises or project owner (usually the owner or contract, said one project) commissioned by the contractor in charge of foreign projects in accordance with the conditions provided for the completion of a project to assume the task. International project is a comprehensive international economic cooperation, international technology trade is a form of international labor service cooperation with a way. The reason why this approach as an international technology trade a way, because of international contracted projects
Head construction, contains a large number of technology transfer, in particular towards the end of project construction, contractor owners to train technical staff to provide the necessary technical know-how (patents, proprietary technology) to ensure the normal operation of the project .
1. Engineering the basic elements of contract
International engineering contract tendering contracts rather than the adoption of a single contract, but another contract, this contract is formed by a number of relevant documents, and often referred to as the contract documents (contract documents).
Contract documents, including: tender notices, tender information, contract conditions, bids, notices and agreements such as the successful bidder. In accordance with internationally, "the terms of the contract" generally include the following:
1. Supervision engineers and representatives of the powers and responsibilities of the terms of supervision engineer
The contract should provide that the contract of their appointment shall promptly notify the contractor supervision engineers, supervision engineers contracting agent of the person, in the supervision engineer in selected representatives of supervision engineer is responsible for overseeing construction and dealing with performance problems.
2. The transfer of project contracting and subcontracting provisions
General provisions of the contract, the contractor without a contract or their agents may not be all of the contract, the contract any part of any contract transferred to the interests and rights of a third party. By the contract or their agents, contractors, part of the project to be subcontracted to others, but the original contractor is still responsible for all projects.
3. Obligations under the terms of the general contractor
According to the contract, the contractor should be responsible for all project design and construction, and provided free of charge necessary for the construction labor, materials, machinery and equipment and management know-how.
4. The special natural conditions and terms of man-made obstacles
Project contracts, in general a longer time to perform the contract, in the performance of the contract, may be e to the special natural conditions and man-made reasons for the difficulty of project, certain measures must be taken to rule out the possibility, for example, increase in construction machinery and equipment, labor, materials, etc., so that the contractor is necessary to increase the cost or delay the progress of the project. Subject to the supervision over the issue of engineers or engineers on behalf of the Commissioner confirmed that the contract be able to pay additional fees or agree to an extension project.
5. Completion of the terms and delays in the completion of
Completion time stipulated in the contract and standards, the contractor after the completion of works by the supervision engineer or his representative issued after the completion of acceptance to prove correct, marked the completion of the project have been. If there are some special circumstances, such as engineering changes, changes in natural conditions, man-made obstacles delayed the project, the contractor agreed to by the supervision engineer, you can extend the deadline for completion.
6. Terms of patents and know-how
Contractor or subcontractor to the contract to provide patent and proprietary technology, and assume by contract the scope of third-party patent rights against an illegal, as well as patent infringement by a third party liability; contractor to provide proprietary technology, Both sides should enter into the terms of confidentiality.
7. Maintenance provisions of
Terms of the contract maintenance period is to repair and maintenance costs of the burden. Maintenance period is generally the completion certificate was issued from the date of the general civil engineering for the twelve-month maintenance period. In the maintenance period, the contractor should be the requirements of supervision engineer, the engineering maintenance defects, rework or make up for such. If the project is e to the defects caused by the negligence of the contractor by the contractor the burden of the resulting costs. If as a result of other causes, from contract to bear the cost.
8. Terms of engineering change
After the signing of the contract, contract supervision engineer or the right to change the provisions of the contract projects, contractors should be to change the requirements after the project construction. Changes e to increase or decrease in the cost of the contract price should be adjusted accordingly to change the period.
9. Terms of payment
Terms of payment in terms of the contract the general provisions of the "special conditions" are, including:
(1) advances: the project started before the contract according to the terms of the contract as part of the advance paid to the contractor, the amount of the advance is generally 5-15% of the total contract price to the contractor to purchase machinery and equipment and procurement of materials.
(2) The provisional outturn: monthly contract payments to the contractor once the contract the amount of monthly payment should be dected from contractor's retention, the retention money is usually paid a monthly amount of 5 - 10%, but retention of the cumulative total contract price amounted to 5%, it would no longer be detained, the contractor should be referred to the retention and maintenance of construction works had been completed after the expiration of all returned to the contractor.
(3) the payment period: a general rule, the supervising engineers statements issued to date within 15-30 days, contracts were paid to the contractor.
(4) late payment interest rates: If the contract is not required to pay the project host country should be the central bank lending rate hike. After the settlement 30 days from the date of the certificate, the contract price were paid in full.
10. Breach of contract penalty clauses
Under the contract by both parties in the course of performance of the contract, there may be a breach of conct, in view of the parties to the case of breach of contract, breach of contract penalty clauses were made.
(1) breach of contract on the contractor penalties: Any contractor who, without the written consent of contract and the transfer and sub-contracted projects; contractor any justification does not start on time; contractor did not prepare the contract standard materials; contractor does not listen to the legitimate warning supervision engineer; contractor to ignore the quality of the project are the contractor's default. In this regard, the contract is entitled to terminate the contract, forfeiture of the contractor's performance bond, or take other punitive measures necessary.
(2) penalties for breach of contract award.
All the following persons will constitute a breach of contract: the contractor is not
For reference
⑨ 工程管理中英文對照論文
建築工程項目分承包管理方式的探討 聞迅 關鍵詞:項目、項目管理、總承包商(總包商)、分承包商(分包商)、建築市場分包體系、矩陣式組織結構、合同管理、目標管理提要:隨著建築工程項目化管理更加深入,項目管理的科學方法應用更加廣泛,建築業向更高層次發展,建立完善的建築業專業分包體系,將是我國建築市場發展的必然趨勢,筆者認為在目前的環境中,採用集權式的公司發包,授權項目的實施管理,採取矩陣式的組織管理結構,著重於合同管理和生產過程目標管理的方式,是較為有效的分包管理形式。 一.項目的概念及特徵、項目管理、建築工程項目管理特點(一)項目的概念 「項目」的提法由來以早,建築業及軍事領域最早運用項目管理的工具和方法。項目的定義有多種,但都圍繞著項目的基本概念而歸納的。ISO10006中規定項目為「具有獨特的過程,有開始和結束時間,由一系列相互協調和受控的活動組成。過程的實施是為了達到規定的目標,包括滿足時間、費用和資源的約束性條件。」 美國項目管理協會PMI在PMBOOK(2000版)給出的定義為:「項目是為了完成某一獨特的產品或服務而作的一次性努力。」 德國國家標准DIN69901地應項目為「項目是指總體上符合下列條件的具有唯一性的任務。(具有預定目標,具體的時間、財務人力和其它限制條件,具有專門的組織)。」 (二)項目的特徵 1.獨特和唯一性的任何項目所處的時間、地點、環境、參與的人、目的均各不相同,他們因項目二臨時聯系起來。就象「人沒有相同的兩個人」一樣,是獨特和唯一的。另外項目在進行過程中,所發生的事件、沖突和矛盾都不相同,所以對參與項目的人或物來說,每個項目都是獨特的。因其在發展變化上的獨特性,項目也是唯一的。 2. 生命周期項目均具有明確的開始時間和結束時間。一般的,在這其中任何項目均具備四個階段,即概念、計劃、實施、結束四階段,就如生命的孕育、出生、成長、成熟、消亡一樣,項目周而復始,每個階段都有相應不同的特點。現代,又將四階段擴展為五階段:「概念、計劃、實施、結束、運行和維護」。 3.明確的目標項目活動均是「為了完成某一獨特的產品或服務」,所以項目具有明確是目標,如建築工程的質量、工期、成本文明施工目標。目標之間可能是相互矛盾和約束的,但又統一於項目內,目標具有約束性,項目活動就是要在受著許多約束和限制的條件下,完成諸多相互沖突矛盾的,但又不得不完成的任務。項目管理的結果就是在目標間求得一種平衡的結果。目標可以分解,總的目標由多層次的分目標組成。 4.系統組織項目是一個整體,項目各個組成部分相互影響,相互約束,形成一個完整的系統,並且項目都是在有組織的背景下產生的,如建築工程項目都是在某建築公司的組織內被組織和管理的,所以項目是一個有組織的整體系統。 5.不確定性項目是獨特的,且是唯一的,項目發展沒有固定先例。
Construction project management sub-contracting of Wen Xun Keywords: project, project management, general contractor (general contractor), sub-contractors (subcontractors), the construction market sub-system, matrix organizational structure, contract management , the target management Abstract: With the construction projects in greater depth of management, project management of more extensive application of scientific methods, the construction instry to a higher level of development, set up a sound system of construction specialist sub-contractors will be building market development in China are the inevitable trend, I think in the current environment, the use of centralized contract-style company, authorized the implementation of the project management, to take the matrix-style organization and management structure, focused on contract management and proction process management by objectives approach is a more effective management of subcontractors form. 1. The concept and characteristics of the project, project management, construction project management features (1) project concept "project" was the origin of a morning, the building instry and the military field, the earliest use of project management tools and methods. The definition of the project has a wide range, but they all revolve around the basic concept of the project and summarized. ISO10006 in the project as "a unique process that has the beginning and end of time, by a series of coordinated and controlled the activities of the composition. The process of implementation are in order to achieve the objectives set, including the needs of time, cost and resource binding conditions. "American Project Management Institute PMI at PMBOOK (2000 version) give the definition as:" projects are completed for a unique proct or service for a one-time effort. "German National Standard DIN69901 and should project as a" project are refers to the following conditions are met on a unique mission. (with the intended target, a specific time, financial and other restrictions on human conditions, with specific organizations). "(b) the characteristics of the project 1. a unique and uniqueness any item in which the timing, location, environment, participation of people, the aim should vary, they are linked to project the Second Provisional. As "people do not have the same two people", is unique and unique. In addition the project ring the course of events, conflicts and contradictions are not the same, so for example people or things involved in the project, each project is unique. At the development and changes on its uniqueness, the project is also unique. 2. The life cycle of projects have specific start and end times. In general, and in this one of any of the items are available in four phases, namely, the concept, planning, implementation, ending four stage of life such as breeding, birth, growth, maturity, like the demise of the project cycle, each stage has a corresponding different characteristics. Modern, will be extended to four stages of five stages: "the concept, planning, implementation, end of operation and maintenance." 3. Specific objectives of the project activities are "for the completion of a unique proct or service," so the project with a clear goal, such as construction quality, ration and cost goals of civilized construction. Between the objectives may be contradictory and constraints, but are united in the project, the target of a binding nature, the project activity is to much suffering and limit the conditions, the completion of the many contradictions in conflict with each other, but had to be completed task. The results of project management is to achieve a balance between the objectives of results. Goals can be decomposed, the overall target from multi-layered composition of the sub-goals. 4. System project is a whole organization, project the various components of the mutual influence, mutual constraints, form a complete system, and projects are organized at the background, such as construction projects are at a construction company organizations are organized and managed, so the project is an organized system as a whole. 5. Uncertainty projects are unique, and is the only project the development of no fixed precedent.