系统性重要金融机构翻译文章

① 国内哪几家是系统性重要银行，请告诉我划分标准和出处，谢谢

国内就是中国银行被列入系统性重要银行。

金融稳定理事会将“系统重要性金融机构”的额外核心一级资本率要求划分为五个级别，分别为1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%和3.5%。“系统重要性金融机构”的重要性越高，则其面临的额外核心一级资本率要求也就越高。

(1)系统性重要金融机构翻译文章扩展阅读：

金融创新通过拓宽金融功能，便利社会的投融资，促进经济增长；通过金融市场、金融机构、金融业务、金融工具、金融制度等方面的创新作用于经济增长。没有金融创新，其经济的内在动力就无法被调动起来。

理性、适度的金融产品创新能够动态调整金融产品结构，并优化金融体系结构，进而优化产业结构，促进经济增长。但是，非理性的过度金融产品创新则会导致金融体系内部结构失调。

并波及实体经济，最终引发经济危机。我国微观金融创新主体缺乏创新动力、基础性条件薄弱，金融创新呈现区域性，滞后经济发展，这些都限制了我国金融创新对经济增长的推动能力。

② 翻译 英翻中 金融类的短文！谢谢！

传统上,交易成本和信息不对称所提供的基础,了解中介服务. 出现中介因这种不完善的资本市场已正式成立的捐款dewatripont 与tirole ( 1994年)和弗雷克萨斯和火箭( 97 ) . 事实上,两大审查中介理论, santomero ( 1984 )及Bhattacharya先生,并和塔克尔( 1993 ) ,说明中央这些不完善是中介文学的过去 二十年. 显而易见的含义这一看法是,如果这些摩擦减少,社会中介组织将变得不那么重要. 有了大幅度降低交易成本和信息不对称,近几十年来. 在同一时期内,必须对传统的银行存款和贷款,通过一些措施, 减少了. 不过,其他形式的中介机构,如养老基金和共同基金有明显增长. 此外,新的金融市场,如金融期货和期权的发展, 作为市场中介机构,而非个人. 这一切看来,如果不违背标准理论,至少不相符. 在艾伦和santomero ( 1997 ) (简称AS )的,我们认为,这是因为最近的重点中介理论 过于狭窄. 我们认为,了解这些变化,需要不同的理论中介,强调风险的交易, 风险管理和参与成本的关键原因存在着现代中介服务. 我们的贡献已经引起了相当大的火灾,造成大量的引文,讨论和辩论. 最近的一篇论文scholtens和Van wensveen ( 1999 )组( SW )提出了一些重要问题,我们的分析和 我们将借此机会,以更充分地发展我们的观点的演变和金融中介理论 为了解梦. 我们选择以此为出发点,因为他们的贡献,提出了三个关键问题,值得进一步 讨论中,这将增加我们理解的演变,具体机构在金融

③ 银行金融方面短文翻译成英文..............急求..........

The small and medium-sized enterprises already more than the total enterprise 99% of all, is an important part of the national economy; As the main mechanism of bank financing, and small and medium-sized enterprise loan of commercial Banks in China is an important business, but the risk management of the small and medium-sized enterprise loan was a problem, so strengthening sme loans risk management, helps to keep the small and medium-sized enterprise proction of stability and long-term development, and promote the stable development of small and medium-sized enterprises, but also benefits the loan risk essence, adapt to the current understand with changes and uncertainty of the macroeconomic environment and the world economic situation, ensure the safety of bank funds. In 2008, commercial Banks after development of small and medium enterprise loan is also facing the current financial crisis, protect themselves from the hit, avoid risk means; Government support small and medium-sized enterprise development has become a fact, this also is implementing the scientific concept of development, realize own a necessity of sustainable development. This paper combines the current smes defficult borrow this embarrassing situation, and on the analysis of the current our country commercial bank small and medium-sized enterprises based on the cause of the loan risk, expounds the commercial bank of risk management on small and medium-sized enterprises, commercial Banks internal essence strengthen small business loans, and the significance of the risk management of commercial Banks in developing small and medium-sized enterprise loan process, how to effectively manage risk, improve bank asset quality put forward point of view.

④ 帮忙翻译一篇关于银行的文章啊！

Shanghai Countryside Commercial bank is in the whole city 1 city association society, 14 area county federations of communes, 219 credit association's foundation the whole remanufacture be established joint stock system commercial bank, its origin may trace to the 20th century 50's China countryside cooperativization movement initial period, until now already some 50 remaining years of life history.

After the long-term development and several generation of agricultural letter person's unceasing endeavor, Shanghai Countryside Commercial bank already became the Shanghai rural finance the important constituent, was Shanghai has one of influence financial organs.At present, Shanghai Countryside Commercial bank has business mesh point 330, the staff total approximately 4000 people.Up to August 22, 2005, the Shanghai Countryside Commercial bank total property 116,000,000,000 Yuan, each deposit remaining sum amounts to 96,800,000,000 Yuan approximately, each loan remaining sum amounts to 56,500,000,000 Yuan, in the capital bank organization has certain market niche in the whole city.

After Shanghai Countryside Commercial bank had been established, in will inherit the countryside credit association more than 50 year development histories, the service characteristic and in the cultural tradition foundation, setting up and the realization science development view, persisted “will legally gather the gauge, the steady management, the foothold long-term, will dare to innovate, the cultivation characteristic” the management idea, persisted the service “three agriculture” and the suburbs economy community retail sales bank basic localization, will establish the perfect modern commercial bank to manageThe management system and the mechanism, speed up the service development, the consummation will control from the inside the mechanism and the risk management system, the repayment society, the repayment customer, the repayment shareholder, will strive for soon constructs into “the capital sufficient, controls from the inside strict, the operation security, the service and the benefit is good”, and will have own characteristic modern countryside commercial bank.

The Shanghai Countryside Commercial bank management scope is: Absorption public deposit; Provide short-term, intermediate stage and long-term loan; Handles the domestic and foreign settlements; Handles the bill to accept with the discount; The proxy distributes, the proxy cashes, sells on consignment the government security; Business government security, financial bond; Is engaged in the same business to borrow; Is engaged in the bankcard service; The foreign exchange deposit, the foreign exchange loan, the foreign exchange remittance, the international settlement, the same business foreign exchange borrows, credit information, consultation and testimony service; Proxy receipts and disbursements fund and agent insurance business; Provides the safe deposit box service; By Chinese Banking instry Management by supervision board approval any other business.

⑤ 麻烦英文达人帮我用英文写一段关于金融这个行业的重要性的文字好吗

Finance as an academic discipline has gained increasing momentum of development over the past decades as a response to the increasingly complicated global and regional financial markets.

Innovative theories and practices, such as the portfolio theory and capital assets pricing model (CAPM), have emerged in quick succession to meet the diverse financial challenges of the world.

As the global economy grows, the capital market plays an indispensable and sometimes even a decisive role.

Those international developments have special implications for China’s economy and its financial instry, as China is to completely open its financial market to the rest of the world by 2005 under the WTO framework.

不知道行不行,你的要求太少,反而不好写...

或者再来段水平低一点的,你看看...

What is the importance of finance in a business?

In all business aspects, finance plays a significant role.

For example, when choosing whether to take on a project or not, financial figures such as IRR or NPV are able to calculated.

In bond offerings and investments, the returns of capital are created using financial model.

Even in your average mom and pop shop, breakeven analysis is performed to determine whether a new machine should be purchased.

⑥ 关于金融的英语文章

经济学人：加拿大的住宅市场
Finance and Economics; 财经；
Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市场；
Time for a bigger needle; 该出手时就出手；
The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新举措；
经济学人：
Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling “macroprudential” levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.
加拿大的金融监管一向广受赞誉。它的银行业在这场危机中做到了独善其身。根据评级机构穆迪的报告，加拿大皇家银行与汇丰银行以及摩根大通同列，跻身全球银行界的第一梯队。同时，加拿大的政策制定者也是运用宏观审慎政策的老手，这一政策如今也常被其他富国的央行使用。
But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run “fair value” in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as “the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada”.
但是，仍有问题缠身。部分人士认为，加拿大的银行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨额补偿金美化了，CMHC是一家为贷款估值比率超过80%的抵押贷款提供保险的公共机构。在2011年，CHMC的抵押贷款额从四年前的3450亿增长到了5670亿加元（合5570亿美元）。并且，从一些指标来看，加拿大的房地产充斥着泡沫：《经济学人》以房价租金比所做的分析显示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物业价格高出它们的长期公允价值75%。纵然仅有低于0.5%的CHMC抵押贷款存在拖欠的情况，但这样的繁荣仍让人忧虑。最近，央行也冠以楼市 “危及加拿大金融稳定性的最大国内隐患”。
Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.
政策制定者们给楼市降温的不断尝试并无明显成效。于是，在6月21日，加拿大财长吉姆·费拉逖，在四年来第四次出台了一些新举措。新措施中的一些不过是表面功夫。价值过百万美元住宅的买主能得到由CMHC担保的债务违约保险以及首付仅付5%的优惠待遇。而事实上，很少有这类购房者在购房时不以大量自有资金支付价款的。不过，在6月9日之后，这类住宅将不再适用于CMHC的保险范围。
Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.
其他那些则更为有力。抵押贷款最长还贷期限如今将从30年降低至25年。这势必将减少需求：去年约有40%的新贷款的期限是超过25年的。允许的房屋再融资的上限从房屋价值的85%降至只有80%。购房者还须证明他们的住房支出不超过家庭总收入的39%。费拉逖的举措中，紧随其后的是，加拿大的银行监管部门，联邦金融机构监督办公室，将贷款和自有资金间的贷款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。
Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.
多伦多道明银行金融集团首席经济学家，克雷格·亚历山大估计，所有这些措施对于购房者而言将等同于抵押贷款利率上升1%。他认为这将促使房产市场缓慢回归。如果他的观点正确，并且费拉逖的各种干预手段能够避免可能引发实际利率上升的附带伤害，那么如此一来，加拿大的崇拜者们又将有一个可以津津乐道的话题了。

⑦ 求一篇金融相关英文文章，翻译出来要求3000字以上，最好连翻译也有

奥巴马麦凯恩激辩金融危机

据《今日美国》报道，在周二的总统辩论中，约翰－麦凯恩和巴拉克－奥巴马互相攻击，并提出了各自的应对美国金融危机的方案。
John McCain andBarack Obama exchanged blame and offered proposals to address the nation'sfinancial crisis ring Tuesday's presidential debate, USA Today reported.

麦凯恩承诺对那些苦苦挣扎的房主们施以援手，而奥巴马则表示政府必须确保国家大规模救市方案按计划实施。
McCain promisedaid to struggling homeowners and Obama said the government must assure themassive federal financial rescue package works as planned.

二人辩论的主题很快便集中在经济问题上，当晚辩论主要围绕着这一话题进行。
The debate focusedimmediately on the economy and stayed on it for much of the night.

麦凯恩提议财政部有条件地买进按揭坏债，并根据目前的房价和房主们进行再次协商。
McCain called forthe Treasury Department to buy up troubled mortgages — with some conditions —and renegotiate them with homeowners at the current value of homes.

麦凯恩说：“我们都清楚，只有我们稳定了美国的家庭价值观，我们才能去创造就业机会、恢复我们的经济。
McCain said,"We all know, my friends, until we stabilize home values inAmerica,we're never going to start turning around and creating jobs and fixing oureconomy,

此外，我们还得重建对美国的信任和信心。”
and we've got toget some trust and confidence back toAmerica."

奥巴马称最近的经济低迷为“大萧条后最严重的金融危机”，他表示政府必须确保签署的金融救市方案按计划实施。
Obama called thecurrent downturn "the worst financial crisis since the GreatDepression" and said the government must assure that the financial rescuepackage signed into law worked as planned.

他说：“我相信这将是对过去8年来布什政府高调推行的失败的经济政策的最终审判，而参议员麦凯恩就是这一政策的支持者。”
"I believethis is a final verdict on the failed economic policies of the last eightyears, strongly promoted by President Bush and supported by SenatorMcCain," he said.

辩论开始前几小时，道琼斯工业平均指数又暴跌508点。辩论在一片金融阴霾中展开。
The debate beganhours after the Dow Jones instrial average tumbled another 508 points, andthe resulting financial anxiety is looming large over the debate.

麦凯恩指责奥巴马是参议院中收取房利美和联邦住宅贷款抵押公司捐款的第二大个人，而这两大公司正是目前名誉扫地的抵押贷款行业巨头。
McCain accusedObama of being the Senate's second-highest recipient of donations fromindivials at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two now-disgraced mortgageinstry giants.

奥巴马回击称，麦凯恩竞选团队经理戴维斯在华盛顿一家政治公关公司持股，直到最近，该公司每月都从联邦住宅贷款抵押公司收到成千上万的资金。
Obama shot backthat McCain's campaign manager, Rick Davis, has a stake in a Washington lobbying firm that receivedthousands of dollars a month from Freddie Mac until recently.

路透社报道，两位候选人均誓言致力于使美国能源独立。
Both candidatesvowed to focus on making theUnited Statesenergy independent, Reuters reported.

麦凯恩表示，核电是一项无污染能源，也将是解决气候变化的关键。他还对奥巴马进行了嘲讽。
McCain saidnuclear power was a clean source of energy that would be key to battlingclimate change and mocked Obama.

奥巴马支持发展核电，并将其作为一个大能源计划的组成部分。
And Obama said heapproved of nuclear power as one element of a broader energy plan.

美联社报道，辩论话题还涉及外交政策方面，其激烈程度不亚于经济和国内事务。
The debate alsoveered into foreign policy, and the disputes were as intense as on the economyand domestic matters, AP reported.

麦凯恩称他的对手“在伊拉克和进军问题上的观点是错误的。”
McCain said hisrival "was wrong aboutIraqand the surge.

“在俄罗斯侵略格鲁吉亚问题上，他（奥巴马）对俄罗斯的看法是错误的。”
“He was wrong about Russia when theycommitted aggression against Georgia.”

“他的职业生涯很短，他还不了解我们国家在安全问题上所面临的挑战。”
“And in his short career he does notunderstand our national security challenges.”

“而我们没有时间来进行在职培训。”
“We don't have time for on the jobtraining.”

奥巴马略带嘲讽地回击说，他确实不太了解一些事情，例如：多年来美国已经在伊拉克耗费了数千亿美元后，今后，美国要如何面对阿富汗问题的挑战。
Obama counteredwith a trace of sarcasm that he didn't understand some things — like how UScould face the challenge inAfghanistanafter spending years and hundreds of billions of dollars inIraq.

据路透社报道，辩论后哥伦比亚广播公司和美国有线新闻电视网的一项快速调查都显示奥巴马在辩论中胜出。
Two quick pollstaken immediately after the debate, by CBS News and CNN, both judged Obama thewinner, Reuters reported.

路透评论道，麦凯恩可能不会再有扭转竞选局面的机会。
McCain could berunning out of chances to recast the race, Reuters commented.

离大选只有4周的时间，两位候选人将在10月15日进行最终辩论。
With only fourweeks to go until the election, the two candidates will meet for one finaldebate on October 15.

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金融危机激增MBA申请人数

眼下的华尔街可谓哀鸿遍野，而美国各地的商学院却因此振奋不已：全日制MBA课程的申请人数在2008年激增。
Business is bad onWall Street, and business schools across the country are bracing for theimpact: A surge in applications this year to their full-time M.B.A. programs.

金融市场一片混乱，美国经济放缓，华尔街正在经受深刻的结构性变化。很多人决定，现在是回学校充电的好时候。
With financialmarkets in turmoil, the economy slowing down and Wall Street undergoing aprofound structural change, many people are deciding that now is a good time tohead back to school.

考虑迈入校门的人有些是此次金融业大裁员的牺牲品，另一些则觉得他们的饭碗即将不保。
Some would-bestudents are the victim of layoffs roiling the financial instry. Others thinktheir jobs could disappear soon.

即使目前工作还算稳定的MBA申请者也认为，利用这段时间攻读研究生文凭是个不错的选择－－因为未来几年的升迁和跳槽机会都会比较稀缺。
Even someapplicants whose jobs are currently stable are deciding that it makes sense togo for a graate degree now: since promotions and new opportunities could behard to find in the next few year

商学院还没有关于申请人数的统计数字，因为大多数顶尖学校的第一轮招生截止日期是在10月中旬。不过，许多商学院表示，今年咨询MBA课程的人增加了很多。
Schools don't haveapplication tallies yet -- as deadlines for the first round of admissions arein mid-October for most top-tier schools -- but many already are reporting bigincreases in interest.

纽约大学斯特恩商学院称，今年参加其校外MBA推介会的人员增加了30%。
New YorkUniversity Stern School of Business reports a 30% increase in attendance atoff-site information sessions this year.

西北大学凯洛格管理学院的申请人数目前已增长22%。
Management has had a 22% increase inapplications so far.

芝加哥大学工商管理研究生院表示，其网上咨询和推介会参加人数都有显著上升。
Universityof Chicago GraateSchool of Business says it is seeing significant increases ininquiries online and attendance at information sessions.

今年，GMAT考试的注册人数也在增加。
People are alsoregistering for the Graate Management Admission Test in greater numbers thisyear.

美国研究生入学管理委员会位于弗吉尼亚州McLean市，成员包括165家商学院。
According to theGraate Management Admission Council, a McLean, Va.-based membershiporganization of 165 graate business schools,U.S.

该机构称，2008年1至9月GMAT考试的注册人数达到129,902人，比去年同期上升5.1%。
GMAT registrationvolume for the first nine months of this year totaled 129,902, up 5.1% from thesame period last year.

这些数字反映出一种与以往的经济衰退期类似的趋势。
The numbersunderscore a trend that has occurred in previous economic downturns.

商学院和经济学家说，研究生入学人数是反经济周期的，也就是说，它与经济景气程度背道而驰。
Graateadmissions are countercyclical -- meaning that they move in the oppositedirection of the economic cycle, business schools and economists say.

由于次债风波的连锁反应，这批MBA研究生毕业时，将面对一个完全不同的华尔街，就业市场可能很不乐观。
When this year'sM.B.A. applicants graate, they will enter a dramatically different WallStreet and potentially smaller job market that has been altered by the rippleeffects of the credit crunch.

今年即将毕业的研究生已经感受到就业市场的低迷。
This year's newlyminted graates already encountered a tougher job market.

科尔说，在芝加哥大学，2008年毕业生中找到工作或有公司邀请加盟的人数比去年下降了约3个百分点。
At the University of Chicago, the percentage of 2008graates that either had offers or had already accepted them dropped roughlythree percentage points from the previous year, Ms. Kole says.

一些商学院表示，由于毕业后的就业前景不确定，因此目前有稳定工作的申请者可能会放弃进入商学院的机会。
Indeed, schoolssay not knowing what the job market will look like upon graation could detersome prospective applicants who have stable jobs from applying.

有些申请者则打算碰碰运气。
Some applicantsare taking their chances.

其他研究生院也都预计申请人数会增加。
Other graateschools are also expecting increases in applicants.

学员们今年还要考虑另一个问题──次债危机使学生贷款很难申请。
Also a factor forstudents to consider this year: The credit crunch has roiled the market forstudent loans.

一直关注这一领域事态发展的FinAid.org负责人马克-坎特罗维兹称，2007年，有144家民间和政府教育贷款机构暂停了学生贷款。
In the past year,144 ecation lenders have suspended private and federal loans, according toMark Kantrowitz, publisher of FinAid.org, who has been following thedevelopments.

不过，坎特罗维兹说，商学院的学生应该可以找到贷款，因为很多贷款机构只是对本科生和成人教育学生暂停发放贷款。
Still, Mr.Kantrowitz says business-school students should be able to find loans. Manylenders, he says, have suspended loans for undergraate and continuingecation students but not graate loans

对这些贷款机构来说，“研究生贷款项目是最有利可图的，因为贷款质量最高。”
For lenders,'graate student loans are the most profitable because the loan balances arethe highest,' he says.

然而，学生要想获得私人贷款，可能需要提供更多的信用证明，而且贷款利率也会上升。
But students mayface tighter credit requirements in getting private loans and pay higherinterest rates.

⑧ 系统重要性金融机构的宏观效应

目前,学者们比较多地集中于微观经济面的分析,并取得共识。一是增加投资人和发行人在市场进行避险、投机和套利的工具选择范围;二是降低交易成本及增加金融资产的流动性;三是减少信息不对称和代理成本问题。但是,在金融创新的宏观效应讨论中,分歧较大。例如Peter Tufanoc等(1995)结合案例论证了金融创新对经济社会的福利改善；潘爱华（2006）分析研究了金融创新在宏观层面的作用具有很大的不确定性，因此对金融创新的推动作用不能过于乐观；陈子季(2000) 在理论层面上对金融创新推动金融深化、金融创新活动中货币供求机制的变化以及金融创新与金融体系稳定性问题进行了探讨和分析,认为金融创新是“双刃剑”既促进了金融发展,又为货币政策的制定带来困难,同时也增加了金融体系的潜在危机。一、SIFIs金融产品创新与金融体系的稳定性1.金融产品创新工具的定价金融产品创新的涌现,也许可能会导致金融机构危机的出现,进而增加整个金融系统风险,但这主要取决于金融创新内在的各种风险是否得到合理定价,也就是说,从事新型金融业务,是否能产生足够的利润额来弥补来自市场、信用及其它方面的风险。因为影响金融市场的因素不断增加，金融创新工具定价比传统金融工具定价要困难的多。创新工具出现之后,若市场竞争激烈、金融机构会降低定价,这种定价可能低于合理考虑了风险成本之后的价格。许多西方经济学家相信,随着创新工具市场的成熟,创新工具风险真实地表现了自己之后,工具的定价将会趋于合理。但在从不合理到合理的转变过程中,可能已有不少金融机构蒙受了巨大的损失,并因此引起金融体系的不稳定引起金融危机。2.金融产品创新的风险积累和传染效应由于金融产品创新的风险积累和传染效应以及系统重要性金融机构与其他金融机构强关联性，造成系统重要性金融机构的金融产品创新降低金融体系的稳定性。金融产品创新的风险积累和传染效应，主要是由金融产品创新工具的特点和金融产品创新所带来的交易方式的改变所决定的。首先，金融产品创新工具“以小博大”的杠杆性可能给交易者带来高收入，也可能带来巨额损失；其次，金融产品创新工具具有虚拟性，金融产品创新工具的虚拟性所产生的市场后果是，金融产品创新市场的规模大大超过原生市场的规模，造成虚拟市场与实体市场的脱离。另外，金融产品创新所带来的交易方式的改变也会使金融机构面临一些经营风险。最后是投机所造成的风险增加。当代金融产品创新为投机活动创造出了大批先进手段，这些投机手段的使用加剧了金融风险的积累和传染。此外，由于金融产品创新一方面在金融机构之间创造出远比过去复杂的债权债务链条，直接加强了金融机构之间、金融市场之间、金融机构和金融市场之间的密切联系，另一方面间接推动了以金融业务国际化、金融市场国际化、资本流动国际化为主要表现的金融国际化趋势，加之在场外交易市场中由信息不对称引起的公众对其他金融机构信用的心理预期作用，将致使局部的金融风险更易转化为全局性的金融风险，从而削弱了金融体系抵御局部风险的能力，整个金融体系的稳定性也随之降低。这就是金融产品创新的传染效应。二、SIFIs金融产品创新与高端行业发展系统重要性金融机构金融产品创新会促进高端行业的发展，例如高新技术产业、现代服务业的发展。由于高新技术产业发展过程所具有的特性，传统的财政投入和银行信贷等资金支持方式难以适应其发展的需要。具有“以小博大”特征的金融产品创新工具的广泛使用使得风险投资者能以较小的风险资本进行投资，这刺激了风险投资者的投资欲望，推动了高科技创业投资的进一步发展。此外，金融产品创新对高科技创业投资的作用，还表现为：使风险企业家取得原来得不到的新的外部资金来源；为风险企业家提供廉价的投资资源；使风险企业家的流动资金融通更加顺利；使风险企业家能够更好地承担投资或融资决策风险；为风险企业家提供了稳定生产成本的条件，企业可以通过金融市场参与、规避生产要素价格方面的风险；金融衍生市场的运作可为风险企业提供具有预见性的较为准确的价格信息，从而有利于企业的生产决策、销售决策以及企业管理的其他方面；金融衍生市场的出现使价格信息更为灵敏，易于促进资源的有效配置。系统重要性金融机构金融产品创新会加快现代服务行业的发展。现代服务业，金融保险、法律咨询、电影文化产业等等。加快高端服务行业的发展，有利于更好的解决目前不断恶化的高校就业环境。发展新兴的高端服务行业，拓展现代服务业的行业领域，对于吸纳这些高素质的待业群体，改善社会资源利用环境，最大限度的发挥我们庞大的教育资源的智力优势，促进第三产业内部的发展，都是非常重要的。三、SIFIs金融产品创新与经济发展系统重要性金融机构的金融产品创新带动经济发展。以IS-LM模型来分析金融创新对宏观经济的影响。例如，期货和期权市场的建立，有助于价格波动的减缓和风险的降低，促进企业的投资（如上图）。企业投资的增加会使IS曲线向右移动，由IS移至IS`，这将导致均衡利率的上升和均衡产出的增加，利率由i0增加到i`，产出由y0增加到Y`；同时，各种金融资产的替代性会增加，导致货币需求对债券收益率的变动更加敏感，LM曲线趋于平缓，呈LM`状。显然，这些将导致产出的增加和利率的降低。在新的均衡点E``处，产出为y``，利率为i``。虽然由于货币需求利率弹性的增大，货币政策的效应减弱，但是财政政策的效应会有所增强。金融创新改变了投资者对于利率变动的反应方式。无论通过何种渠道，利率上升会导致实际投资下降的趋向不会变。但是有没有金融创新，结果是有差别的金融创新使投资者获得资金的渠道增加了，为投资者增加了资金的可获得性。因此，同样在利率上升的情况下，因为金融创新的影响，实际投资的下降可能就没有那么多。因而实际投资对利率的敏感性随着金融创新的发展而减弱。可见，金融创新与经济增长的关联性较强，金融创新的丰富应该使经济运行更加有效。金融创新通过拓宽金融功能，便利社会的投融资，促进经济增长；通过金融市场、金融机构、金融业务、金融工具、金融制度等方面的创新作用于经济增长。没有金融创新，其经济的内在动力就无法被调动起来。理性、适度的金融产品创新能够动态调整金融产品结构，并优化金融体系结构，进而优化产业结构，促进经济增长。但是，非理性的过度金融产品创新则会导致金融体系内部结构失调，并波及实体经济，最终引发经济危机。我国微观金融创新主体缺乏创新动力、基础性条件薄弱，金融创新呈现区域性，滞后经济发展，这些都限制了我国金融创新对经济增长的推动能力。因此，一方面，市场需要更多的金融产品创新以扩大金融服务的种类，减少某种产品或交易的拥挤问题；另一方面，必须对金融机构的市场参与行为进行规范和监督。

⑨ 以金融机构功能写一篇英文作文

I am a College student from a farmer's family in a mountaineous area.A year ago,I was admitted to a famous university.Before entering the university,I was told that the necessary expenses ring my four years' study would cost nearly fifty thousand yuan.My parents had collected all the money there was to collect,including the money borrowed from their relatives,but it was hardly enough to meet the needs.Then,good news came that I could resort to the bank for a loan.I thought it was a good idea and so I did it.
My decision was based on the following considerations:
First,with the loan I can pay the tuition and support my life on the campus.
Secondly,I don't have to depend on my parents who are always worrying about the enormous family expenditure.

⑩ 翻译 论文摘要 关于系统性金融风险 速求 拜谢

大哥你累死我了，希望能帮到你，我是做翻译的。
The topic our country finance systematic risk's recognition and guards against the abstract: Is not only the developing country is experiencing the economical switch's country speaking of Chinese such one, how guards against the financial risk maintenance finance security facing the economic globalization has the important theory significance and the practice significance and the very stern topic. Spreads graally as a result of the American loan crisis initiation the global financial Tsunami, if the dominoes have attacked the entire world financial system, from this causes the systematic financial risk to arouse in the worldwide scale interest more and more. Under this situation, how to guard against and melt systematic finance risk this topic is taken seriously day by day by various countries. this article attempts take the systematic risk analysis as a breakthrough point, expected that through to the systematic financial risk present situation, the origin and measure's research, how to stabilize and develop our country money market to provide own ponder. In the paper structure, this article first carries on the outline to the current global economic environment, under this background, obtains from the elaboration systematic finance risk's definition and the connotation, through to the domestic and foreign experts, the scholar carries on to the systematic financial risk's definition combs with the comparison, thus obtains its substantive characteristics. Based on this, has analyzed the influence financial stability the factor, the multiple systematic financial risk has the process, the origin and the substantive characteristics compared with the history in realizes to the systematic risk identification, and in these characteristic understanding's foundation, unifies many countries to carry on the risk management and the guard related experience, from this obtains based on the systematic risk angle supervision idea and the related countermeasure. this article plans to carry on the shallow discussion regarding this. key word: Systematic risk risk management loan crisis