❶ 学习金融要具备什么条件吗
希望你结合自己实际 做出正确选择 加油!
金融专业英语考试要求及范围
本考试要求应试人员具备在金融业务中较熟练地运用英语的能力。参加本考试的应试人员应掌握7000基础英语及金融专业英语词汇,熟悉基本的业务概念和术语及一般的业务程序和原理,能听懂日常会话和一般的业务交谈,具有在篇章水平上运用英语基本语法知识的能力,能看懂与金融业务有关的一般文字材料,拟写一般的业务文件。�
本考试涉及的业务范围主要包括:经济及金融基础知识、贸易和非贸结算、信贷、会计、资金交易、外汇管理、银行法律知识等。
金融学、金融工程学专业对数学的要求不同http://www.sina.com.cn 2008年02月10日 15:12 《高校招生》
金融工程学的理论性与抽象性是比较强的,它广泛应用数学、物理和工程学方法,用数理语言代替日常语言来阐述金融思想。因此,金融工程学对数学的要求是蛮高的,高校也更倾向于招收理科生。而大部分高校的金融学专业是文理兼收的,对数学的要求也没有那么高。一般高校的金融学专业只是要求学数四(数学中最简单的一级),个别高校会要求到数三。
金融工程学在国内发展得比较晚,发展也不是很成熟。就开设的院校数量来说,开设金融工程的不如金融学的多,一般是财经类重点院校或综合性大学开设金融工程学专业。对于就业而言,证券行业要求比较高的金融衍生工具分析能力,学金融工程学相对比较占有优势。个人要针对自己的情况作出合适的选择。
金融工程学与金融学研究的内容大体是一致的,只是研究方法不同,因此各自的侧重点也就有所不同。
金融学在国内比较好的学校有:中国人民大学、复旦大学、上海财经大学、北京大学、厦门大学、西南财经大学等,由于录取分数线比较高,分数不够优势但又有志于学金融学的同学可以采取“曲线救国”的政策,本科阶段在普通高校修读金融学,然后通过考研进入这些名校。由于金融专业的热门,每年报考人数都很多,导致本科生远远供大于求,再加上研究金融并不简单,因此,要想在金融方面有所建树,就要做好考研深造的准备。
在经济高速发展的今天,在全球一体化的形势下,你,是否向往纽约华尔街呢?你,是否做好准备,让我们一起畅游在金融的世界……
❷ 求一篇有关农产品出口的竞争力分析的外文文献翻译。急急急!!!
先到网络文库,找一篇此类文档中文的,然后用有道翻译,或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英
文,然后把英文放上面,中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。
一,选题要新颖。
这次我的论文的成功,和高分,得到导师的赞许,都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域,以及新进展,这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。
二,大量文献做基础
仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献,大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫,借鉴别人的思路,和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏,当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗
三,一气呵成
做好充分的准备,不要每天写一些,每天改一些,这样会打断自己的思路,影响文章的连贯。
四,尽量采用多的专业术语
可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感,但论文是比较专业的形式,是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的,所以论文语言的专业化,术语化会提升自己论文的水平。
五,用正规格式书写
参考正规的论文文献,论文格式。不要因为格式问题,而影响到你论文的质量。
六,最好在计算机上完成写作过程
如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程,好处以下几点:1,节省时间,无论打字的速度慢到什么程度,肯定要比手写的快。2,方便,大量的文献放在手边,一个一个查阅是很不方便的,文献都是用数据库编辑,所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点,写出提纲,随时翻阅,方便写作。3,修改编辑,在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4,随时存档,写一段,存一段,防止突然停电,或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏,一个晚上的劳动,差点就全没了,幸亏男友是电脑高手,帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑,哭死算了。
七,成稿打印好交给导师
无论你的字写的多么优美,还是按照惯例来,打印出的文字显的正规,而且交流不存在任何的问题,不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞,而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁,女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题,书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。
八,听取导师意见,仔细修改
导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见,仔细参考,认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文,有颇多的经验。
❸ 求助:哪位帮忙翻译下外文文献
4。航运金融风险管理
在过去10年大家都看到了,可以用来解决需要金融工具的成长!保险!±在不断变化的波动businessenvironment。这一增长的原因是消费者对风险管理产品的基本要求,反映了整体经济环境已变得更加剧烈,更加不稳定的事实。
虽然风险管理产品为基础的衍生工具,如期货,远期,期权和掉期,看到了他们对农产品的早期历史(见例如,杰曼,2005),这些工具现在可以提供风险管理和承包物流骨干。
衍生工具风险管理的重要金融工具,因为它们允许风险要分开,更精确控制。衍生工具是用来转移元素或风险,因此可以作为一种保险形式。衍生工具可以使用1谁是暴露在不必要的风险(套期保值)传递给另一方愿意接受它(炒家)这个风险的一方。
衍生工具的各种用户使用他们来帮助实现以下目标:对冲价格风险,降低资金成本国际,国内资金分散和风险管理,并提供国际多样化的机会。
两个传统的经济和社会效益都与衍生工具。首先,衍生工具风险管理有益的。由于衍生工具风险管理可用,公司可以承担的项目,可能是没有先进的风险managementtechniques不可能的。二,
衍生产品交易合约(从而增加交易者的利益和交易活动)生成公开,提供信息,对某些资产和经济的未来发展方向的真正价值市场观察员观察到的价格。因此,衍生工具交易艾滋病在价格发现摄氏度经济行为主体的准确priceinformation摄氏度的发现,因为它增加了对价格的信息quantityand质量。因此,公司和个人可以使用衍生产品市场的信息发现,以改善其经济决策的质量。
❹ 求一篇关于【特色农产品电子商务发展】的3000词汇以上的外文文献,要有文献出处,要有作者。
特色农产品电子商务发展
^_^亲,说实话,能完全满足你的需求的文章,估计很难找,除非你运气好,碰到一个刚好有的人,并且他愿意给你(一般自己写的东西都不太愿意给别人的)。
我建议:你自己在知网/万方/维普/龙源期刊/豆丁/网络文库/道客巴巴上搜索,搜你想要的资料,比如搜主题“”
搜到之后,自己整理一下就差不多了。
如果搜到的资料你下载不了的话,我可以帮你!见我的名字!
❺ 有关农产品电子商务的英文文献急需
你好,请认准正确答案下载附件,农产品电子商务的英文外文文献已上传,寻找不易,望及时采纳答案哦!
作者:Leroux N, Wortman M S, Mathias E D.
文题:Dominant factors impacting the development of business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce in agriculture
期刊:The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 2001, 4(2): 205-218.
❻ 急求关于物流的外文文献,最好是关于农产品物流的!
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.
Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the proceres set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport instry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.
Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of rable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.
Mode
Main article: Mode of transport
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.
Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries
[edit] Human-powered
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.
Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.
[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: Animal-powered transport
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, enrance and carrying capacity; prior to the Instrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.
[edit] Air
Main article: Aviation
Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.
Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.
The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]
InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train
[edit] Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.
A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.
Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.
[edit] Road
Main article: Road transport
Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a al function as urban space easement and route.[6]
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.
Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.
[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport
Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.
In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was proced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to proce the steam. Recreational or ecational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil
[edit] Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.
Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.
Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.
[edit] Elements
Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water
[edit] Infrastructure
Main article: Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.
Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of proction to the point of use.
The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.
A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship
[edit] Vehicles
Main article: Vehicle
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.
Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.
[edit] Operation
Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive instry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13]
[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces ring warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mum, India
[edit] Passenger
Main article: Travel
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.
Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.
International travel may be restricted for some indivials e to legislation and visa requirements.
[edit] Freight
Main article: Shipping
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, proction is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring procts from procer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk ring transport.[18]
Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge rection in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]
Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the proct, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid procts with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.
Air freight has become more common for procts of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.
[edit] History
Main article: History of transport
Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and ration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Instrial Revolution.
The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Instrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and proction and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
❼ 求几篇关于农产品网络营销的英文文献,不是中国人写的那种小英文论文,是纯的外文文献,加中文翻译,急求
做推广你是想推广网站还是你公司的产品?推企业网站建议去做搜索引擎,做产品推广建议去找旺客商贸网站,想要做互联网大面积覆盖式的推广建议去做旺道营销软件。
❽ 求两篇关于农产品出口的外文文献 最好有中文
http://www.wenzhouglasses.com/html/news/500017.html
❾ 【急】求一篇外文翻译 关于特色农业问题的外文文献
Adjustment of agricultural structure, characteristics of the western region to speed up the development of agriculture
【Abstract】 implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of agriculture with characteristics Samangan province have provided favorable opportunities and broader space, this article from the analysis of Gansu Province, the implementation of the importance of agriculture with characteristics and the main features of the market potential of agricultural procts start to understand the characteristics of Gansu Province characteristics of agricultural proction and put forward the implementation of special agriculture in Gansu Province of the countermeasures and suggestions.
【Key words】 western characteristic agriculture
Gansu province is located in China's western region is a vast region, is included in the national development of the western region the concept of one of 12 provinces and municipalities and autonomous regions, serious soil erosion, land desertification, water shortages, destruction of vegetation, forest grassland degradation Gansu province is a major eco-environmental problems, instrial pollution in the city after-effects of economic development. Gansu Province, the fragile ecological environment will not only hinder further development of regional economy, but also the future of the living environment has become a major risk. All this has its crux of the problem: the history of long-term low levels of proctivity and ecological fragility of both cause and effect; "too much emphasis on food self-sufficiency" model of development led to forest destruction and soil erosion; economic construction does not follow the law of the ecological environment, ecological construction technology support the weak; institutional fragmentation, so that ecological protection and construction of the measures can hardly be implemented. Characteristics of agriculture refers to the unique resources, clear regional characteristics, a special proct quality and specific consumer market of agricultural instrialization. Gansu Province, a vast territory, light, heat, water, soil is rich in resources, species diversity, with the development of agriculture with characteristics and potential advantages. After years of development, characteristics of Gansu Province has been a foundation of agriculture. Implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province provided favorable opportunities and broader space. At present, we should seize the opportunity, clear thinking, focus, work out measures to speed up the characteristics of agricultural development in Gansu Province
1, the development of Gansu Province, the importance of agriculture with characteristics
1.1 The development of characteristic agriculture is implementing the western development strategy will focus on the task.
Agriculture is the basis for developing the western region and an important part. Characteristics of agriculture is the focus of agricultural development in the western region. Characteristics through the development of agriculture, strengthening infrastructure construction, improve proction conditions, enhance proctive capacity, can further strengthen agriculture as the foundation of Gansu Province to speed up agricultural and rural economic development pace for the development of Gansu's economy and narrow the gap between east and west to create the conditions.
1.2 is the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province strategic adjustment of agricultural structure of the main direction of attack.
The use of Gansu Province, rich in agricultural resources, in line with local conditions and characteristics of agricultural and instrial development, nurturing characteristics with the western instrial belt of agricultural and instrial groups, agricultural resources can achieve a multi-level, multi-channel development and utilization to meet the diversification and high quality market demand is concive to opening up new market space, Gansu Province, to promote the agricultural structure optimization and upgrading.
2. Gansu, the main features of the development potential of agricultural procts and market demand analysis
From the distribution of agricultural procts and market demand, both in terms of Gansu Province, with resources and potential for development of agricultural resources are mainly concentrated in the food, medicinal herbs, fruit and livestock procts on.
2.1, food
In 2002 the province's grain sown area of 3943 mu, 7.83 million tons grain output. Between regions in food proction that there are clear regional differences, good natural conditions in the plain areas and to take intensive intensive methods of proction inputs are also relatively large, thus the per capita grain output was significantly higher than other areas. Per capita food expenditure from the situation, the year the total income per capita grain 583.92 kilograms, 458.24 kilograms of total expenditures. Main per capita consumption of 258.45 kilograms of grain (including 212.89 kilograms of wheat, representing the main food consumed 82.37%), 42.75 kilograms of grain feed, 27.72 kilograms of seed grain. Help Gansu food consumption is still in a state of equilibrium tightness, food as the mainstay of rural food consumption status has not been any big changes.
With the graal deepening of reform and opening-up and join the WTO, the current international market prices tend to decline, while China's grain proction costs are generally upward trend. The short term a significant increase in land proctivity may be low, China's comparative advantage in grain proction continued to decline. In addition China's wheat import market of the United States and European Union countries in the Uruguay Round negotiations, reached an agreement to rece subsidies, which means that China can no longer own the market of imports from these relatively low over the past price of wheat to China to take measures to raise the level of food self-sufficiency and rece food imports. As the grain in Gansu Province larger share of agricultural procts, the impact of lower prices to become the province's agricultural prices decline in the overall level of the main factors.
2.2, economic crops
In the economic crops, the potential for greater processing Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal herbs market in the country occupies a pivotal role, medicines rough year more than 11,000 tons, 3270 tons of proprietary Chinese medicines. Five bulk. Angelica is in Gansu Province is the largest varieties of medicinal herbs, over the years has been in a tight pin, and annual proction of more than 28.4 thousand tons, the volume of 27,300 tons of goods, export volume of 1509 tons. At present, the formation of their own as the mainstay of rural Danggui market Minxian Xiguan, Meichuan, Dangchang hada Shop, of the rationale for Sichuan, Zhangxian Chengguan, Ishikawa, Weiyuan Kawasaki, etc. will be over 10. These markets with other medicines markets outside the network for the promotion of medicines in circulation has played an important role. Changium Gansu Province is the second largest varieties of medicinal herbs, annual output of more than 14,000 tons, the volume of more than 13,000 tons of goods, with its output accounting for about 70 percent of national output, of which the principal export patterns. Radix Hedysari is unique to Chinese herbal medicines in Gansu, the main export to Taiwan. Rhubarb and liquorice market demand, lack of sales proction, prices, market prospect.
Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu Province is the main pharmaceutical procts in 2002, the sown area of Gansu Province, 199 million mu of Chinese herbal medicines, the total output 305,800 tons, the annual instrial output value of Chinese medicine to 4 billion yuan, accounting for all the Chinese medicine instry to 40 percent. Medicine more prominent structural contradictions in the economy, small and scattered instrial enterprises, commercial enterprises in Gansu medicine abuse is a significant feature. Most of medicine resources on the supply of raw materials or primary procts market, value-added processing and great potential. Gansu medicine market capacity of 20 billion yuan, but in Gansu local market consumption of only 6 million yuan, the market demand.
References:
1, "on the characteristics of the western region to speed up the views of agricultural development," the Ministry of Agriculture 2002.12
2, Zhu Xing BAI "developing the western region - agriculture, rural areas and farmers," Economics and Management Press 2002.7
3, reference is LiuXinmao weeks "loess ground green hope" Lanzhou University Press 1999.1
中文大意如下
调整农业产业结构,加快西部地区特色农业的发展
【论文摘要】实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间,本文从分析甘肃省实施特色农业的重要性和主要特色农产品的市场潜力入手,了解甘肃省特色农业的生产特点,提出了甘肃省实施特色农业的对策与建议。
【关键词】西部 特色农业
甘肃省位于中国的西部,是一片广阔的地域,是被国家划入西部大开发概念的12个省市自治区之一,严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化加剧、水资源短缺、植被破坏、森林草原退化是甘肃省面临的主要生态环境问题,工业污染成为城市发展经济的后遗症。甘肃省脆弱的生态环境不仅阻碍区域经济的进一步发展,而且已经成为未来生存环境的重大隐患。这一切问题都有其症结所在:历史上长期的生产力水平低下与生态脆弱互为因果;“过分强调粮食自给”的发展模式导致森林破坏和水土流失;经济建设不遵循生态环境规律,生态建设科技支撑能力薄弱;制度上条块分割,使生态环境保护和建设各项措施难以落实。特色农业是指具有独特的资源条件、明显的区域特征、特殊的产品品质和特定的消费市场的农业产业。甘肃省地域辽阔,光、热、水、土资源丰富,物种资源多样,具有发展特色农业的优势和潜力。经过多年的发展,甘肃省特色农业已有一定的基础。实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘肃省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间。当前,要抓住机遇,明确思路,突出重点,制定措施,加快甘肃省特色农业发展
1、发展甘肃省特色农业的重要性
1.1发展特色农业是实施西部大开发战略的重点任务。
农业是西部大开发的基础和重要组成部分。特色农业是西部农业开发的重点。通过发展特色农业,加强基础设施建设,改善生产条件,提高生产能力,可以进一步加强农业基础地位,加快甘肃省农业和农村经济发展步伐,为发展甘肃经济和缩小东西部差距创造条件。
1.2发展特色农业是甘肃省农业结构战略性调整的主攻方向。
利用甘肃省丰富的农业资源,因地制宜地发展特色农产品和产业,培育具有西部特色的农业产业带和产业群,可以实现农业资源多层次、多途径的开发利用,满足多样化、优质化的市场需求,有利于开辟新的市场空间,促进甘肃省农业结构的优化和升级。
2. 甘肃主要特色农产品的开发潜力及市场需求分析
从农产品分布特点和市场需求两方面来看,甘肃省具有资源优势和开发潜力的农产品资源主要集中在粮食、药材、果品和畜产品上。
2.1、粮食作物
2002年全省粮食播种面积3943万亩,粮食总产量783万吨。区域之间在粮食生产上存在着明显的地区差异,平原地区自然条件好,并采取集约化的精耕细作方式,生产性投入也比较大,因而人均粮食产量明显高于其它地区。从人均粮食收支情况看,年内人均粮食收入合计583.92公斤,支出合计458.24公斤。人均主食用粮258.45公斤(其中小麦212.89公斤,占主食用粮的82.37%),饲料用粮42.75公斤,种籽用粮27.72公斤。说明甘肃粮食消费仍处于紧度平衡状态,粮食作为农村食品消费的主体地位没有什么大的变化。
随着改革开放的逐步深入及加入WTO,目前国际市场上粮价趋于下降,而我国粮食生产成本总体上则呈上升趋势。短期内土地生产率大幅度提高的可能不大,我国粮食生产的比较优势仍在下降。此外中国小麦进口市场的美国和欧盟各国在乌拉圭回合谈判中达成消减补贴的协议,这意味着中国己不可能再从这些市场上进口过去价格相对较低的小麦,促使中国采取措施提高粮食自给水平,减少粮食进口。由于粮食在甘肃省农产品中所占比重较大,其价格下降成为影响全省农产品价格总水平下降的主要因素。
2.2、经济作物
在经济作物中,中药材加工潜力较大,在全国药材市场中占有举足轻重的作用,药材年粗加工1.1万多吨,中成药3270吨。五种大宗地道中药材。当归是甘肃省药材的第一大品种,多年来一直处于紧销状态,年产量达2.84万多吨,商品量2.73万吨,出口量1509吨。目前己形成以当归为主体的农村市场有岷县西关、梅川,宕昌哈达铺、理川,漳县城关、石川,渭源会川等十多个。这些市场同省外其它药材市场形成了网络,对于促进药材流通起到了重要的作用。党参是甘肃省药材第二大品种,年产1.4万多吨,商品量1.3万多吨,其产量约占全国总产量的70%,其中纹当主要提供出口。红芪是甘肃特有的中药材,主要出口台湾。大黄和甘草市场需求量大,产不足销,价格上升,市场前景看好。
中药是甘肃省医药产品的主力,2002年甘肃省中药材播种面积199万亩,总产量30.58万吨,年中药工业产值达到4亿元,占到全部医药工业的40%。医药经济结构性矛盾比较突出,工业企业小而散、商业企业多而滥是甘肃医药的一个显著特征。大部分药材资源是以原材料或初级产品供应市场,加工增值潜力大。甘肃药材市场容量在20亿元以上,但甘肃本地产品市场的消费量只有6亿多元,市场需求量大。
参考文献:
1、《关于加快西部地区特色农业发展的意见》 农业部 2002.12
2、朱文兴 白明 《西部大开发――农业、农村、农民》 经济管理出版社 2002.7
3、刘兴茂 周述实 《黄土地上的绿色希望》 兰州大学出版社 1999.1
❿ 高分急求!!!!!!!!谁能帮我找2篇有关农产品品牌建设 或者农产品品牌的 或者区域品牌的 外文文献
农产品品牌相关英文文献,点击下载
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