❶ 急急急！！！！！！跪求有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献翻译 要求有作者和文章来源 不少于25000字节。
外文文献翻译成中文1000字左右）： 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】 中小企业融资的创新 中小企业融资的文件 尽管政府、银行和各金融机构采取了一系列的措施，中小企业仍面临着一些挑战，这是具有普遍性的。这些问题涉及到抵押问题，贷款难，拖延应收款，技术过时，营销道路不畅等。印度为了解决上述的问题，采取了一些新的融资工具并创建了新的融资体制。这些措施包括： 1. 小型工业的信用保证基金信托 印度政府与印度小企业发展银行，已成立了一个小型工业信用保证基金信托（ CGTSI ）实施保障计划。主体信托拟加强从目前的7亿到25亿美元。其主要目的是促进信用较低的小型企业的融资，鼓励银行向值得贷款的企业免除抵押方式的贷款。在过去三年间，有资格的小型工业的贷款约2.5万被纳入该计划之中且CGTSI担保贷款的信用机构的会员迄今已扩大到约18,000名，涉及的贷款额约3亿美元。CGTSI考虑今年把他们的业务增至与去年相比的三倍。一些新的信用保证制度，如相互信贷保证计划等类似的计划在意大利和欧洲其他国家也正在制订中。 2. 风险分担机制 虽然CGTSI延伸保证支付的贷款高达2.5万美元，但有需要提供担保的银行贷款超过上述限额。根据世界银行牵头筹资问题和发展中小企业的计划，有可能为中小企业引入的风险分担机制正在研究中。主理银行和独立机构之间将按同样的比例共同承担银行向中小企业贷款的风险。当然，该机制将按成本获得收益。这一机制到时候，将减轻银行的信贷风险和高级中小企业的资金问题。 3. 创业资金 关于新的资金来源，许多国家正在考虑放宽有关风险资本投资的规则。在印度也已经采取了各种措施这个方向发展。印度小企业发展银行以及其他一些机构在该国已经带头采取了促进风险投资。根据资料显示该银行已设立了16个国家一级/区域一级的资金，为软件和IT业设立了约1亿美元的国家基金，近来还新建立了约1亿美元的中小企业发展基金。该基金将致力于医药，生物技术，轻工程，软件和其他领域。中小企业发展基金预期将增至5亿美元。 4. 小额贷款 实现潜在的小额贷款将促进经济的增长，印度小企业发展银行一直把重点放在增加有能力的部门来处理信贷和小额贷款的支出的增加。印度小企业发展银行基金会的小额贷款运作部门，在2004年里已累计批准了710万美元的财政援助。根据该方案，过去4年累计援助的受益人超过100万，其中大部分是妇女。对于未解决的投资方案，有可能从2004年3月底910万美元增至今年年底的2亿美元。 5. 中小企业基金 印度政府和印度小企业发展银行最重要的部门之间所采取的行动是建立100亿美元的中小企业基金，以期推动资金流向中小企业。印度小企业发展银行经过仔细考虑，设立基金和开展其业务从2004年4月开始生效。按照规定，基金援助提供给利率在银行PLR基准点200以下的中小企业。通过中小企业发展银行办公厅向中小 企业提供的直接援助正在扩大，主要的贷款机构也提供9.5%利率的再融资。SFCs可可获得7.5%~8%利率的再融资的收益。除了SFCs外，通过商业银行，中小企业基金提供的援助用于路由。该基金的流动除了提升对中小企业的援助，还解决了跨部门的贷款费用问题。 6. 为中小企业设立一个专门的信用评级机构 为了解决信贷需求方面的问题，主动采取行动以支持机制的信息共享和信用评级。为了加强信贷信息和便于银行进行信贷决策，印度小企业发展银行已决定推出一个专门为中小企业的信用评级协会与公共部门银行。银行可以选择与公共部门的银行和信贷评级机构交流信息，本年度该机构就有可能开展业务。 7. 资产证券化 为了扩大中小企业的援助范围，资产证券化进程提供由发起人和channelise资金的载体购买中小企业的投资组合的机会。这样的组合可以被购买方保留，也可以根据资本市场的变动被出售给投资者。印度小企业发展银行最近已获准由印度政府开展的业务，进行资产证券化。
❷ 急求关于中小企业融资的外文参考文献
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献：
[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in
Small FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381．
[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of
Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494．
[3]Albertode，M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence
from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance，2001，(7):77-99．
[4]A.N.Berger，N.H.Miller，M.A.Petersen，R.G.Rajan，J.C.Stein，2001，“Does
Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper．
[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets
and Credit Rationing in Cote D’Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
2001,17(4),520-532.
[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of
Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic
Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48．
[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm’s Capital Structure:the
Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers，2003,
366-358。
[8]Barton，S.L.&Gordon，P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].
Strategic Management Journal，1988，9:623-632．
[9]Baxter，N.D.&Cragg，J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financing
instruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics，1970，(52):225-235．
[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small
Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382．
[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth
Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673．137
[12]Berger and Udell,Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship
Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure[J],Economic
Journal,2002,112(447)L:32-53.
[13]Booth，Laurence，Varouj Aivazian，Asli Demirguckunt&Vojislav Maksimovie.
Capital structures in developing countries[J].Journal of Finance，2001，
(56):87-130．
[14]Bradley，M.，Jarrell，G.A.，&Kim，E.H.On the existence of an optimal capital
structure:theory and evidence[J].Journal of Finance，1984，(39):857-880.
[15]Brander，J.A.&Lewis，T.R.Oligopoly and financial structure:the limited
liability effect[J].American Economic Review，1986，(76):956-970．
[16]Chang Chun.Capital structure as optimal contract[J].North American Journal
of Economics and Finance，1999，(10):363-385．
[17]Cole,R·A·,Goldberg,L·G·&White,L·J·Cookie-cutter versus character:The
micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks[J]·Journal
of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,2004,39,pp227-251.
[18]Collins，J.M.&Sekely，W.S.The relationship of headquarters country and
instry classification to financial structure[J].Financial Management，1983，
(3):45-51．
[19]David F.Scott,John D.Martin.Instry Influence on Financial Structure[J].
Financila Management,Spring,1975,67-73．
[20]DeAngelo，H.&Masulis，R.Optimal capital structure in corporate and Personal
Taxation.Journal of Financial Economics，1980，(8):3-29．
[21]Durand,David,1952,Cost of Debt and Equity Funds for Business:Trends and
Problems of Measurement,Conference on Research in Business Finance,
National Bureau of Economic Research,New York,p215-247．
[22]Eli Schwartz and J Richard Aronson.1967.Some Surrogate Evidence in
Support of the Concept of Optimal Financial Structure[J].Journal of Finance.
22(1):10-18．
[23]Enunza，VR.Determinants of financial structure in the central American
common market[J].Financial Management，1979，(3):72-77．
[24]Fama，E.&Jensen，M.C.Ageney Problem and resial claims.Journal of Law
and Economics，1983，(26):327-349．
[25]Frank M.Z.,GoyalV.K.Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure.138
Journal of Financial Economics,67:217-248,2003.
[26]Gilson，S.Tansaction cost and capital structure choice:evidences from
financially distressed firms[J].Journal of finance,1997，(52):161-195．
[27]Grossman，S.&Hart，O.Corporate financial structure and managerial in
incentives[J].In McCall,J.Ed.The economic of information uncertainty[M].
Chicago:University of Chicago Press，1982:107-137．
[28]Hall，G.,Hutchinson，P.&Michaelas，N.Instry effects on the determinants
of unquoted SMEs’capital structure[J].International Journal of the Economics
of Business，2000，(7):297-312．
[29]Harris，M.&Raviv，A.The theory of capital structure[J].Journal of Finance，
1991，(46):297-355．
[30]Jensen，M.&Meckling，W.Theory of the firm:managerial behavior，agency
cost and capital structure[J].Journal of Financial Economics，1976，
3(l):305-360．
[31]Jordan，J.，Lowe，J.&Taylor，P.Strategy and financial policy in UK small firms
[J].Journal of Business Finance and Accounting，1998，(25):1-27．
[32]Jose Lopez-Gracia&Cristina Aybar-Arias.An empirical approach to the
financial behavior of small and medium sized companies[J].Small Business
Economics，2000，14(l):55-63．
[33]Kane，A.，Marcus，A.J.&McDonald，R.L.How big is the tax advantage to
debt[J].Journal of Finance，1984，(39):841-853．
[34]Kester C W.Capital and ownership structure:A comparison of United States
and Japanese manufacturing corporations[J].FinancialManagement,1986(15):
5-16.
[35]Kim W S,Sorensen E H.Evidence on the impact of the agency costs of debt in
corporate debt policy[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1986,
21:131-144.
[36]Lee Remmers.Instry and Size as Debt Ratio Determinants in Manufacturing
Internationally[J].Financial Management,summer.，2002(5),67-78．
[37]Long，M.&Maltiz，L.The investment-financing nexus:some empirical
evidence[J].Midland Corporate Finance Journal，1985，(3):53-59．
[38]Marsh，P.The choice between equity and debt:an empirical study[J].Journal of
Finance，1982，(37):121-144．139
[39]Mcmillan,J.,Woodruff,C.Interfirm Relationships and Informal Credit in
Vietnam[J].Quaterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(4):1285-1320．
[40]Mian,S.,and C.W...Smith.Accounts Receivable Management Policy:Theory
and Evidence,Journal of Finance,1992,47:169-200.
[41]Ming fang Li&Roy L.S.Environmental dynamism，capital structure and
innovation:an empirical test[J].The International Journal of Organizational
Analysis，2002，(10):169-179．
[42]Modigliani，F.&Miller，M.H.The cost of capital，corporation finance and the
theory of investment[J].American Economic Review，1958(58),261-297．
[43]Mreton H.Miller.Debt&Taxes.The Journal of Finance,Vol.XXXII,No.2,
May 1977,pp.261~275．
[44]Myers，S.C.，Determinants of corporate borrowing[J]．Journal of Financial
Economics5,1977，146-75．
[45]Myers，S.The capital structure puzzle[J].Journal of Finance，1984，
39(3):575-592.．
[46]Myers，S.&Majlu，N.Corporate financing and investment decisions when
firms have information that investors do not have[J].Journal of Financial
Economics，1984，13(l):187-221．
[47]Ng,Chee k.,J.K.Smith,R.I.Smith.Evidence on the Determinants of Credit
Terms Used in Interfirm Trade[J].Journal of Finance,1999,(54);1109-1129．
[48]Petersen,M.A.and R.G.Rajan.The Benefits of Lending Relationships:
Evidence from Small Business Data,the Journal of Finance,1994,XLIX,3-37.
[49]Petersen,M.A.and R.G.Rajan.Trade Credit:Theories and Evidence,the
Review of Financial Studies,1997,Vol.10.No 3,661-691.
[50]Piero Sraffa.The Works and Correspondence ofDavid Ricardo:Volume 1[M].
Cambridge:AtThe University Press,1951．
[51]Rajan，R.G.&Zingales，L.What do we known about capital structure?Some
evidence from international data[J].Journal of Finance，1995，(l):1421-1461．
[52]RobertM Bowen,et al,1982,Evidence on The Existence and Determinants of
Inter-Instry Differences in Leverage[J].Financial Management.Winter:
10-20.
[53]Ross.The determination of financial structure:The incentive signaling
approach,Bell Journal of Economics,1977,Vol.8,p23-40．[54]Saring,Oded H...Bargaining with a Corporation and the Capital Structure of
Bargaining Firm[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1984,(17).
[55]Scott，J.H.Bankruptcy，secured debt and optimal capital structure[J].Journal
of Finance，1977，(32):1-19.
[56]Smith,C.W.,andR.L.Watts,The Investment opportunity set and corporate
financing,dividend and compensation Polices[J],Journal of Financial
Economics3,1992,20-27
[57]Stiglitz，J.&Weiss，A.Credit rationing in the market with imperfect
information[J].American Economic Review，1981，73(3):393-409．
[58]Stultz R.Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies[J].Journal
ofFinancialEconomics,1990,(26):3-27．
[59]Taggart，R.A.A model of corporate financing decisions[J].Journal of Finance，
1977，(32):1467-1484.
[60]Taub，A.J.Determinants of the firm’s capital structure[J].Review of Economics
and Statistics，1975，(57):410-416.
[61]Titman，S.The effect of capital structure on a firm，liquidation
decision[J].Journal of Financial Economics，1984，(13):137-151.
[62]Titman，S.&Wessels，R.The determinants of capital structure choice[J].Journal
of Finance，1988，(43):1-19.
[63]Wald，J.K.How firm characteristics affect capital structure:an international
comparison[J]Journal of Financial Research，1999，(22):161-187.
[64]Willamson，O.Corporate finance and corporate governance[J].The Journal of
Finance，1988，43(3):567-591.
[65]William D．Bradford Creating Government Financing Programs for Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises in China[J].2004，234-245．
❸ 有没有有关中小企业融资的外文文献。。中英文都要。。2500字左右
内容介绍：本文是关于银行信贷紧缩，导致中小企业融资困难的文章。
不过需要做出说明的是，这篇文章是针对美国的中小企业的。
但是有点可疑肯定，文章在许多方面，对中国的中小企业同样合适。
内容摘要：
中文：芝加哥（路透通讯社） - 信贷紧缩的驱使下，美国的住房危机似乎已经击中另一引擎的美国经济 -- 小企业。
英文：CHICAGO (Reuters) - The credit crunch driven by the U.S. housing crisis appears to have hit another engine of the American economy -- small businesses.
引用务必说明出处，原文版权在yeeyan.com. 而www.twoen.com仅仅做了转载。
详情：
http://www.yeeyan.com/articles/view/19636/4741/dz
❹ 哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧！0
纯手工翻译，供参考。
银行参与中小企业融资：超越关系型贷款（降低贷款条件。）
近年来，中型和小型企业（中小企业）的融资问题，已成为致力于财政与经济发展工作的经济学家们和政策家们的重要议题，备受关注。这种趋势的原因在于，市场经济中，中小型企业占绝大多数，并解决了大份额的就业问题（Hallberg，2001）。此外，多数大型企业通常是由小型企业发展而来，因此，中小型企业的发展投资能力正是经济体进一步繁荣的关键。
同时，许多学者与政策家指出，中小型企业的融资问题在于缺乏合适的融资渠道，并理应得到特殊帮助。如，政府应出台增加贷款金额等相关政策。各类研究数据表明了此看法的正确性。举例来说，一项对10,000家来自80多个不同国家的企业数据（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic 2006）分析表明，其中认为企业发展的最大障碍为融资难的企业，小型企业占到39%，中型企业占据38%，而大型企业占29%。此外，与大型企业的对外融资水平相比，小型企业平均融资资金低于大型企业13个百分点。更为重要的是，特别是对于中小型企业来说，对外融资困难是阻碍企业发展的瓶颈。（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005）
在政策方面，许多措施与政策的出台，包括政府对给予企业最高贷款的银行单位发放津贴以及提供公共保障金，用以促进各国中小型企业的融资水平。最典型的例子要属中国的FOGAPE（小型企业担保基金）政策，其鼓励银行给予小型企业贷款，使得小型企业可在较低信用额度的情况下获得贷款。该项政策有着众多特点，包括鼓励减少（贷款中）不正当行为，提升银行之间的竞争力以及银行自身的承担力。
括号里是文献和数据引用的作者名、年份，就不翻译了。
❺ 急求有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献
提供一些有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献，供写作参考。
[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) .
[2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 .
[3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, .
[4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) .
[5] Peterson, M,Rajan, R.G. The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 .
[6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, .
[7] Kane,E.J. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, .
[8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, .
[9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .
❻ 哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧！1
传统的智慧认为不足的中小企业融资是植根于"供方"功能很大程度上。 就是金融机构的运作的方式对提供中小企融资偏见 ； 作为结果很多银行及其它财务机构成为中涉及与中小型企业不感兴趣。 传统视图中突出显示多个因素，可能会限制金融机构。 若要开始，因为它们很难确定公司是否有能力 （既有可行的项目） 的薪酬和/或 （由于向道德风险） 支付意愿的 opaque.Opaqueness 意味着中小企融资难。 此 opaqueness 特别是削弱贷款从想从事更非人格化的机构或手臂长度融资的需要努力，目标和透明的信息。 第二，相对于大的公司中小企是更容易不拘特别在发展中国家。 这不仅使 opaqueness 糟糕的却也带来了更多的障碍和风险中小企业 lending.8，例如，银行不能借给中小型企业，更会保证公司不会报告可靠地他们全面金融活动对其财务 statements.9 再说，如果 informality 表示该公司有 unrecorded 或有高级负债政府和自己的员工。 面对这种风险： 税和/或劳动部门可能会导致这类责任具体化，银行会借少为中小型企业或收取更高的风险溢价。
(不好意思，有些词不会翻译。- -~~）
❼ 中英文对照关于中小企业融资问题与对策的外国文献
中小企业是与所处行业的大企业相比人员规模、资产规模与经营规模都比较小的经济单位。
不同国家、不同经济发展的阶段、不同行业对其界定的标准不尽相同，且随着经济的发展而动态变化。各国一般从质和量两个方面对中小企业进行定义，质的指标主要包括企业的组织形式、融资方式及所处行业地位等，量的指标则主要包括雇员人数、实收资本、资产总值等。量的指标较质的指标更为直观，数据选取容易，大多数国家都以量的标准进行划分，如美国国会2001年出台的《美国小企业法》对中小企业的界定标准为雇员人数不超过500人，英国、欧盟等在采取量的指标的同时，也以质的指标作为辅助。
世界各国和地区中小企业划分标准：
美国：雇员人数不超过500人
英国：质的规定：市场份额较小；所有者亲自管理；企业独立经营。
量的指标：小制造业：从业人员在200人以下
小建筑业、矿业：从业人员在25人以下
小零售业：年销售收入在18.5万英镑以下
小批发业：年销售收入在73万英镑以下
欧盟：雇员人数在250人以下且年产值不超过4000万埃居、或者资占年度负债总额不超过2700万埃居、且不被一个或几个大企业持有25%以上的股权。其中：雇员少于50人、年产值不超过700万埃居，或者资产年度负债总额不超过500万埃居，并且有独立法人地位的企业。
日本：制造业：从业人员300人以下或资本额3亿日元以下
批发业：从业人员100人以下或资本额1亿日元以下
零售业：从业人员50人以下或资本额5000万日元以下
服务业：从业人员100人以下或资本额5000万日元以下
我国目前对中小企业的划分标准为2003年国家经贸委、国家计委、财政部、国家统计局研究制订的《中小企业标准暂行规定》，国家统计部门据此制订大中小型企业的统计分类。
我国中小企业最新划分标准
根据第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议于2002年6月29日通过的《中华人民共和国中小企业促进法》的精神，原国家家经济贸易委员会、原国家发展计划委员会、财政部、国家统计局于2003年2月19日发布了《关于印发中小企业标准暂行规定的通知》（国经贸中小企〔2003〕143号），对主要行业的中小企业的标准作出了明确的界定。该标准是根据企业职工人数、销售额、资产总额等指标，结合行业特点制定的。按照《通知》的规定，不同行业的中小企业应该按照以下标准认定：
工业，中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数2000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下，或资产总额为40000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数300 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上，资产总额4000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
建筑业，中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数3000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下，或资产总额40000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数600 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上，资产总额4000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
批发和零售业，零售业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人500 人以下，或销售额15000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数100 人及以上，销售额1000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
批发业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数200 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数100 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
交通运输和邮政业，交通运输业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数3000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数500 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。邮政业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数1000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数400 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
不同国家、不同经济发展的阶段、不同行业对其界定的标准不尽相同，且随着经济的发展而动态变化。各国一般从质和量两个方面对中小企业进行定义，质的指标主要包括企业的组织形式、融资方式及所处行业地位等，量的指标则主要包括雇员人数、实收资本、资产总值等。量的指标较质的指标更为直观，数据选取容易，大多数国家都以量的标准进行划分，如美国国会2001年出台的《美国小企业法》对中小企业的界定标准为雇员人数不超过500人，英国、欧盟等在采取量的指标的同时，也以质的指标作为辅助。
住宿和餐饮业，中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数800 人以下，或销售额15000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数400 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
“职工人数”以现行统计制度中的年末从业人员数代替；“工业企业的销售额”以现行统计制度中的年产品销售收入代替；“建筑业企业的销售额会计科目”以现行统计制度中的年工程结算收入代替；“批发和零售业的销售额” 以现行统计制度中的年销售额代替；“交通运输和邮政业，住宿和餐饮业企业的销售额”以现行统计制度中的年营业收入代替；“资
产总额” 以现行统计制度中的资产合计代替。规定适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的各类所有制和各种组织形式的企
业，职工人数800 人以下。企业是与所处行业的大企业相比人员规模、资产规模与经营规模都比较小的经济单位。
中小企业财务困境的现状或者表现
随着招商引资力度进一步加大和民营经济的迅猛发展，中小企业如雨后春笋般不断涌现，2003年海安国税新增纳税人1842户，比上年同期增长47 %.2004年县政府下达民营企业发展目标，要求新发展个体私营企业 9250户。不断增加的中小企业一方面增加了税源，另一方面也对基层税收管理带来很大的挑战。最近，在进行纳税评估、一般纳税人复检等工作时事，对中小企业的财务状况进行抽样调查，其结果不尽如意，提高中小企业财务核算水平、加强财务管理已刻不容缓。 Which are small and medium-sized instries and large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Small and medium-sized countries in the world and regional criteria for the classification:
United States: the number of employees not more than 500 people
Britain: a qualitative states: smaller market share; owners personally management; enterprises operating independently.
Volume indicators: a small manufacturing: 200 people employed in the following
Small construction, mining: 25 people employed in the following
Small retail: Sales revenue was £ 185,000 in the following
Small wholesale instry: Sales revenue was £ 730,000 in the following
EU: the number of employees in the following 250 people and an annual output value is not more than 40 million ECU, or the annual funding total liabilities are not accounted for more than 27 million ECU, and do not be one or a few large companies holding more than 25% stake. One of: less than 50 employees, annual output value of not more than 7 million ECU or an annual total liabilities assets not more than five million ECU, and have independent legal status of enterprises.
Japan: Manufacturing: 300 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 300,000,000
Wholesale instry: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 100,000,000 following
Retail: 50 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000
Services: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000 following
China's current criteria for the classification of small and medium enterprises for the 2003 National Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics to study the formulation of the "Provisional Regulations on small and medium-sized standards," which national statistical offices to develop the statistical classification of small, medium and large enterprises.
China's latest criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized
According to the Ninth National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting of 28th June 29, 2002 through the "People's Republic of China SME Promotion Law," the spirit of the former State Economic and Trade Commission at home, the former State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics in February 19, 2003 issued the "small and medium-sized standards regarding the issuance of the notice required under the temporary" (economic and trade SMEs 〔2003〕 No. 143), the main criteria for small and medium-sized instries has made a specific defined. The standard is based on the number of enterprise employees, sales, total assets, such as indicators, combined with the characteristics of developed instry. In accordance with the "Notice" provisions of the small and medium enterprises in different sectors should be identified in accordance with the following criteria:
Instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees in 2000 the following people, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan for the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 300 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
The construction instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 600 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale and retail trade, small and medium-sized retail enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 500 or fewer workers, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 1000万元; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale trade of small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 200 or fewer employees, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Transportation and postal service, transport small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 500 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses. Post instry small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 1000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Accommodation and catering instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 800 or fewer employees, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
"Employees" to the existing statistical system of the end of a few employees in lieu of; "sales of instrial enterprises" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales revenue; "construction enterprises sales accounts" to the existing statistical system annual income in lieu of clearing works; "wholesale and retail sales" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales; "transport and postal service, accommodation and catering instry sales enterprise" to the existing statistical system of the year operating income in lieu of; "funding
The total proction "to the existing statistical system in lieu of total assets. Shall apply to the territory of the People's Republic of China established by law and various organizations of various ownership forms of enterprises
Instry, number of employees below 800 people. Enterprises which are instries with large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
The status of the financial plight of small and medium-sized or the performance of
With the investment was further enlarged and the rapid development of private economy, small and medium enterprises such as the continuing mushrooming, MSC 2003, National Tax Added taxpayers 1842, more than 47 percent year-on-year growth in the county government issued .2004 private enterprise development goals requiring new development of indivial and private enterprises 9250. Increasing number of SMEs on the one hand, an increase of tax sources, on the other hand, the grass-roots tax management a great challenge. Recently, ring the tax assessment, the general taxpayer, such as job review current events, the financial situation of small and medium enterprises to conct a sample survey, the results are not smug, improve financial accounting standards for SMEs to strengthen financial management and no time to lose.
❽ 关于 中小企业融资难相关 的 外文著作或者文献。。
SME financing in the UK and inChina: a comparative perspective
作者Javed Hussain, Cindy Millman and Harry Matlay UCE Business School, Birmingham, UK
我也是今年的毕业生 我觉得这个还可以 你要看的话 可以把他全选中 用有道词典翻译下 节选就可以了
❾ 哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧！2
第三，资本市场并不能弥补这些不足在银行界的，因为他们没有和小企业的比较优势在一个不透明的处理。 In effect, capital market financing rests on comparatively high accounting and disclosure requirements which, by definition, opaque SMEs lack.实际上，资本市场融资的依赖于较高的会计和信息披露要求，按定义，中小企业缺乏不透明。 In addition, capital markets are typically not a source of direct funding for SMEs, given that these firms are unable to issue debt or equity in amounts sufficiently large to attract investors (who prefer liquid issues and are not willing to take too large a share of a single asset) and amortize the large issuance-related transaction costs (including compliance with complex legal, regulatory, accounting, and disclosure requirements).此外，资本市场通常不是一个中小型企业的资金来源为直接，因为这些公司都无法发行债券或股票的数量足够大，以吸引投资者（液体问题，谁愿意不愿意采取过多的份额单一的资产）和分期偿还的大型发行有关的交易成本（包括复杂的法律，法规，遵守会计和披露要求）。 These factors normally render unfeasible the direct access to capital market financing for SMEs. In sum, there are good arguments behind the conventional view that supply-side factors—particularly opaqueness—play a key role in the problems of access to finance for SMEs. To the extent that “opaqueness” has received special attention in the literature on SME financing, so has “relationship lending,” with the latter seen by the conventional view as the obvious—if not the only—way to cope with the former.这些因素通常是行不通的中小企业提供直接融资的资本市场准入。总之，对中小企业有很好的理由背后的传统观点，即供给方面的因素，特别是不透明的问题的同时，发挥关键作用的融资渠道。为了以至于“不透明性”已经收到了关于中小企业融资文学特别关注，所以有“关系型贷款与为明显，如果不是唯一的路，以应付原传统观点认为后者”。 The common perception is that “relationship lending” can overcome “opaqueness” because it relies primarily on “soft” information gathered by the loan officer through continuous, personalized, direct contacts with SMEs, their owners and managers, and the local community in which they operate, to mitigate opacity problems (See Berger and Udell2006).共同的看法是，“关系贷款”可以克服“不透明”，因为它主要依靠“软”的贷款人员，通过不断收集信息，个性化，而中小型企业，他们的所有者和管理者的直接接触，与当地社区，他们操作，以减轻不透明问题（见伯杰和Udell2006）。